Introduction to Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide for Nursing Students

Question 1

Evaluate the role of research methods in psychological inquiry. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of experimental, correlational, and qualitative methods, providing examples of their applications.

Accepted Answer

A: Experimental methods: Allow for causal inferences but may lack ecological validity

Accepted Answer

B: Correlational methods: Reveal associations but cannot establish causation

Accepted Answer

C: Qualitative methods: Provide rich insights but may be subjective and difficult to generalize

Accepted Answer

D: All of the above

Question 2

What's the key difference between basic and applied research in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Basic research focuses on theory, while applied research tackles real-world problems.

Answer

Basic research is only done in universities, while applied research is done outside.

Answer

Applied research creates theories, while basic research solves practical issues.

Question 3

Which psychological assessment technique is most commonly used to measure personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 4

Which approach in psychology considers biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors to understand human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer

Biological approach

Answer

Psychodynamic approach

Answer

Phenomenological approach

Question 5

Which perspective is NOT considered a major school of thought in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Quantum Psychology

Answer

Behaviorism

Answer

Cognitivism

Answer

Humanism

Question 6

Why is critical thinking crucial in psychology? How does it help psychologists assess research, draw evidence-based conclusions, and make informed decisions?

Accepted Answer

Critical thinking skills allow psychologists to spot biases in studies and interpret results more accurately.

Answer

Critical thinking is only essential for researchers, not clinicians.

Answer

Psychologists don't need critical thinking skills; they can rely on intuition and experience.

Answer

Critical thinking is only important when psychologists are starting out.

Question 7

How does culture influence psychological processes like thinking, feeling, and acting?

Accepted Answer

Culture shapes how people see the world, affecting their interpretations of events.

Answer

Culture has no impact on emotions, which are universal human experiences.

Answer

Culture does not affect behavior, which is solely determined by biology and personal preferences.

Answer

Culture is irrelevant to psychology and should not be considered in research.

Question 8

What is a key advantage of incorporating knowledge from other disciplines into psychological research and practice?

Accepted Answer

It allows psychologists to examine human behavior and mental processes from various viewpoints.

Answer

It eliminates the need for psychologists to specialize in particular areas of study.

Answer

It ensures that psychological research is always objective and unbiased.

Answer

It makes psychological findings less relevant to real-world situations.

Question 9

Which factors are considered in the biopsychosocial perspective of human behavior and mental processes?

Accepted Answer

Biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer

Biological factors only

Answer

Psychological factors only

Answer

Social factors only

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a major perspective within psychology?

Accepted Answer

Sociology

Answer

Structuralism

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Behaviorism

Question 11

According to psychodynamic theory, what is the primary content of the unconscious mind?

Accepted Answer

Repressed and unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer

Conscious thoughts and memories that have been temporarily forgotten

Answer

Dreams and slips of the tongue

Question 12

Describe the fundamental principles of humanistic psychology, emphasizing its focus on the self, personal growth, and subjective experiences. Explain its key contributions to therapeutic approaches.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology has significantly contributed to client-centered therapy, empowering clients to actively participate in their healing process.

Answer

Humanistic psychology exclusively examines conscious experiences, disregarding the unconscious mind.

Answer

Humanistic psychology perceives individuals as inherently flawed and requiring repair.

Question 13

What is the primary distinction between structuralism and functionalism in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism aimed to break down mental experiences into their basic elements, while functionalism emphasized the adaptive value of behavior.

Answer

Structuralism relied on introspection, while functionalism used animal research.

Answer

Structuralism focused on conscious experiences, while functionalism explored unconscious processes.

Answer

Structuralism originated in Europe, while functionalism originated in the United States.

Question 14

Which principle is fundamental to cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?

Accepted Answer

CBT recognizes the interconnectedness of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.

Answer

CBT focuses solely on reducing symptoms, ignoring underlying causes.

Answer

CBT believes that childhood experiences exclusively shape adult personality and behaviour.

Answer

CBT assumes that the unconscious mind primarily drives behaviour.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a scientific perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Astrology

Answer

Behaviorism

Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Question 16

Who is recognized as the founder of experimental psychology, establishing the use of scientific methods in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Jung

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 17

Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting, without manipulating variables?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Survey

Answer

Case study

Question 18

What is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of mental processes, including thinking, memory, and attention?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive science

Answer

Behavioral science

Answer

Neuroscience

Answer

Sociology

Question 19

Which ethical principle requires researchers to obtain informed consent from participants and respect their rights?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 20

What is the term for the tendency to perceive others' behavior as caused by internal factors, while attributing our own behavior to external circumstances?

Accepted Answer

Fundamental attribution error

Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Hindsight bias

Answer

Availability heuristic

Question 21

Which model emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness?

Accepted Answer

Biopsychosocial model

Answer

Medical model

Answer

Holistic model

Answer

Psychodynamic model

Question 22

Which brain structure is primarily involved in processing emotions, especially fear and anger?

Accepted Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Corpus callosum

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 23

Which of the following is a common symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

Accepted Answer

Persistent and excessive worry

Answer

Elevated mood

Answer

Loss of interest in activities

Answer

Hallucinations

Question 24

What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in psychology?

Accepted Answer

To provide effective and scientifically supported interventions

Answer

To rely solely on the therapist's intuition

Answer

To use the most recent and popular treatment methods

Answer

To disregard research findings

Question 25

The scientific method in psychology involves which of the following steps?

Accepted Answer

Observation, hypothesis testing, and experimentation

Answer

Intuition, imagination, and empathy

Answer

Dream interpretation, symbol analysis, and past life regression

Answer

Clairvoyance, telekinesis, and astrology

Question 26

Which of the following is a key concept in cognitive psychology?

Accepted Answer

Schemas, mental representations, and cognitive processes

Answer

Unconscious motivation, defense mechanisms, and dream analysis

Answer

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement

Answer

Brain structures, neurotransmitters, and neural pathways

Question 27

According to psychodynamic theory, what is the primary driving force behind behavior?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious conflicts and internal dynamics

Answer

Environmental rewards and punishments

Answer

Cognitive processes and rational thinking

Answer

Biological needs and instincts

Question 28

Which ethical principle requires psychologists to prioritize the well-being and rights of their clients?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Fidelity

Answer

Justice

Question 29

Which of the following is a characteristic of the scientific approach to studying psychology?

Accepted Answer

Objectivity, critical thinking, and empirical evidence

Answer

Subjectivity, personal experiences, and intuition

Answer

Acceptance of unexplainable phenomena

Answer

Emphasis on historical and cultural context

Question 30

The biopsychosocial model of health and illness emphasizes the interplay of which three factors?

Accepted Answer

Biological, psychological, and social

Answer

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral

Answer

Environmental, genetic, and cultural

Answer

Spiritual, religious, and philosophical

Question 31

Who is widely acknowledged as the 'father of psychology' for establishing the first psychology laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Rogers

Answer

William James

Question 32

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes and childhood experiences on behavior?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic

Answer

Behavioral

Answer

Cognitive

Answer

Humanistic

Question 33

Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in its natural context without direct intervention?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Survey

Answer

Case study

Question 34

Which ethical principle ensures that participants in research studies are fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study and provide their voluntary consent?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Question 35

Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Brainstem

Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Limbic system

Question 36

Which theory of learning focuses on the role of reinforcement, punishment, and consequences in shaping behavior?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning

Answer

Classical conditioning

Answer

Social learning theory

Answer

Cognitive learning theory

Question 37

Which type of memory involves the conscious recollection of specific events and personal experiences?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Sensory memory

Answer

Short-term memory

Answer

Long-term memory

Question 38

Which defense mechanism involves unconsciously transferring unacceptable impulses or feelings onto another person or object?

Accepted Answer

Projection

Answer

Repression

Answer

Displacement

Answer

Sublimation

Question 39

Which psychological assessment tool is commonly used to evaluate intelligence and cognitive abilities through a series of standardized tasks?

Accepted Answer

WAIS

Answer

MMPI

Answer

Rorschach

Answer

TAT

Question 40

Which of these is NOT a main perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Physical

Answer

Behavioral

Answer

Cognitive

Answer

Psychodynamic

Question 41

Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the 'father of psychology' primarily because:

Accepted Answer

He established the first psychology laboratory.

Answer

He developed the concept of psychoanalysis.

Answer

He conducted the first experiments on animal behavior.

Answer

He authored the first comprehensive textbook on psychology.

Question 42

Which of the following concepts is pivotal in the psychodynamic perspective?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious motivations

Answer

Operant conditioning

Answer

Cognitive schemas

Answer

Social reinforcement

Question 43

Studying the impact of surroundings on behavior is a central aspect of:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral psychology

Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Humanistic psychology

Answer

Biological psychology

Question 44

Which ethical principle advocates for safeguarding participants from potential harm and discomfort?

Accepted Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Justice

Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Fidelity

Question 45

Operationalizing a variable involves:

Accepted Answer

Defining it in a measurable way

Answer

Manipulating it in an experiment

Answer

Controlling for it in a research design

Answer

Observing it in a natural setting

Question 46

Naturalistic observation aims to:

Accepted Answer

Describe behavior in its natural environment

Answer

Manipulate and control variables

Answer

Test hypotheses

Answer

Generalize findings to other groups

Question 47

The ability to adapt and learn from experiences is known as:

Accepted Answer

Plasticity

Answer

Intelligence

Answer

Cognition

Answer

Motivation

Question 48

A defining characteristic of psychology as a science is:

Accepted Answer

Methodological rigor

Answer

Subjective interpretation

Answer

Focus on mental processes

Answer

Absence of testable hypotheses

Question 49

Which perspective in psychology focuses on the observable behaviors and responses of individuals?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral

Answer

Cognitive

Answer

Cultural

Answer

Humanistic

Question 50

Which research method involves passively observing behavior in a natural setting without interfering?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Survey

Answer

Case study

Question 51

Who is widely recognized as the founder of the first psychological laboratory?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Rogers

Answer

William James

Question 52

Which ethical principle requires researchers to obtain voluntary consent from participants before involving them in a study?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Objectivity

Question 53

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 54

Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs?

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Illusion of control

Answer

Self-serving bias

Answer

Hindsight bias

Question 55

Which subfield of psychology investigates the influence of social factors on individual behavior and cognition?

Accepted Answer

Social psychology

Answer

Attitudes

Answer

Social influence

Answer

Interpersonal relationships

Question 56

Which of the following is a hallmark of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence

Answer

Symbolic thinking

Answer

Abstract reasoning

Answer

Self-awareness

Question 57

Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in natural settings?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Survey

Answer

Case study

Question 58

Who is considered the father of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Carl Jung

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 59

What is the term for the study of mental processes?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Behavioral psychology

Answer

Psychoanalytic psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Question 60

Which type of bias can occur when researchers influence the results of their own study?

Accepted Answer

Experimenter bias

Answer

Sampling bias

Answer

Confounding bias

Answer

Selection bias

Question 61

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cognitive perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Belief in the importance of mental processes

Answer

Focus on observable behavior

Answer

Emphasis on childhood experiences

Answer

Relying on statistical analysis

Question 62

What is the name of the experimental design in which participants are randomly assigned to different treatment groups?

Accepted Answer

Independent groups design

Answer

Matched-pairs design

Answer

Factorial design

Answer

Between-subjects design

Question 63

Which of the following is a key concept in psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious mind

Answer

Reinforcement

Answer

Cognitive schemas

Answer

Social learning

Question 64

What are key factors that influence the relationship between personality and psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

Genetic predisposition

Accepted Answer

Environmental stressors

Accepted Answer

Cognitive biases

Answer

Moral development