Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology, Types, and Nursing Implications

Question 1

What is the key mechanism causing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Deficiency in insulin secretion

Answer

Increased gluconeogenesis

Answer

Impaired glucose utilization

Question 2

Which is a characteristic sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Kussmaul breathing

Answer

Polyuria

Answer

Hypotension

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 3

What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin dependence

Answer

Age of onset

Answer

Body weight

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 4

What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Answer

Environmental factors

Question 5

What is the priority nursing intervention for a patient experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Accepted Answer

Providing intravenous fluids and electrolytes

Answer

Administering insulin

Answer

Correcting electrolyte imbalances

Answer

Monitoring glucose levels

Question 6

What is the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Kidney failure

Answer

Cancer

Question 7

What is the primary metabolic abnormality responsible for the clinical manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hypoinsulinemia

Answer

Hyperinsulinemia

Question 8

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, often in combination with impaired insulin secretion?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Prediabetes

Question 9

Which pathophysiological process leads to the excessive thirst and urination commonly experienced by individuals with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuresis

Answer

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Glycosuria

Question 10

Which nursing intervention is the primary approach for managing acute hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes to rapidly lower blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Administering insulin

Answer

Providing fluids and electrolytes

Answer

Monitoring blood glucose levels

Answer

Educating the patient about diabetes management

Question 11

Which type of diabetes is commonly diagnosed during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Prediabetes

Question 12

Which of the following is **not** a recognized type of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Prediabetes

Answer

Type 1

Answer

Type 2

Answer

Gestational

Question 13

What is the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Defects in insulin production

Answer

Genetic predisposition

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic metabolic abnormality in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hypoinsulinemia

Answer

Hyperinsulinemia

Question 15

What is the mechanism by which insulin promotes glucose uptake into muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Activation of GLUT receptors

Answer

Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase

Answer

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Answer

Enhanced insulin receptor binding

Question 16

Which symptoms are classic clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus, and how do they relate to the underlying pathophysiological changes?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue

Answer

Blurred vision, hypertension, and peripheral neuropathy

Answer

Frequent infections, delayed wound healing, and retinopathy

Answer

Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

Question 17

Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

What is the primary factor that determines glucose uptake in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Insulin concentration

Answer

Blood glucose concentration

Answer

Muscle mass

Answer

Level of physical activity

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Young age

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Family history

Question 20

What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Improves insulin sensitivity

Answer

Increases insulin secretion

Answer

Suppresses gluconeogenesis

Answer

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Question 21

Which nursing intervention is essential for effective diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Patient education and support

Answer

Medication administration

Answer

Blood glucose monitoring

Answer

Insulin pump therapy

Question 22

In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which tissues are primarily impacted by insulin resistance?

Accepted Answer

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Answer

Liver

Answer

Pancreas

Question 23

The primary metabolic abnormality in diabetes is:

Accepted Answer

Reduced glucose uptake by cells

Answer

Increased insulin secretion

Answer

Impaired gluconeogenesis

Answer

Elevated glycogenesis

Question 24

Which hormone stimulates the release of glucose from the liver?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 25

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and commonly affects older adults?

Accepted Answer

Type 2

Answer

Type 1

Answer

Gestational

Answer

Neonatal

Question 26

The hormone responsible for facilitating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle is:

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 27

Precise Question: Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 28

Precise Question: What type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Question 29

Precise Question: Which metabolic abnormality is characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Leukocytosis

Question 30

Precise Question: What is the primary action of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Enhances glucose uptake by cells

Answer

Inhibits hepatic glucose production

Answer

Promotes glycogenolysis

Answer

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 31

Precise Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is primarily associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Hyponatremia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Hypercalcemia

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Type 1

Answer

Type 2

Answer

Gestational

Question 33

The primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the:

Accepted Answer

Destruction of beta cells

Answer

Impaired islet cell function

Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Increased glucagon production

Question 34

Which metabolic abnormality is a direct and characteristic consequence of insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Ketone production

Answer

Lipid accumulation

Answer

Increased protein synthesis

Question 35

The primary goal of insulin therapy in the management of diabetes mellitus is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce hyperglycemia

Answer

Prevent ketoacidosis

Answer

Improve insulin sensitivity

Answer

Promote beta cell regeneration

Question 36

Which of the following is a factor that helps protect against developing type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Family history of diabetes

Answer

Age over 45 years

Question 37

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 38

What is the primary goal of nursing care for patients with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

To prevent or delay complications and promote optimal health

Answer

To manage blood glucose levels

Answer

To provide education and support

Answer

To administer medications

Question 39

Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Question 40

What is the most accurate and reliable method to monitor blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Continuous glucose monitor

Answer

Fingerstick glucose meter

Answer

Urine glucose test

Answer

Blood sugar test strips

Question 41

What is the defining characteristic of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency

Answer

Development in adulthood due to obesity and physical inactivity

Answer

Treatable with oral medications alone

Answer

Associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications

Question 42

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 43

The most common type of diabetes mellitus in children is:

Accepted Answer

Type 1

Answer

Type 2

Question 44

What is the primary factor leading to hyperglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Deficient insulin production

Answer

Impaired insulin signaling

Answer

Elevated glucagon levels

Answer

Increased glucose absorption

Question 45

Which metabolic derangement is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Answer

Hypercalcemia

Question 46

What is the primary function of insulin in regulating glucose metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Facilitating cellular glucose uptake

Answer

Inhibiting hepatic glucose production

Answer

Stimulating glucagon release

Answer

Promoting lipolysis

Question 47

Which hormone is primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Somatostatin

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Glucagon

Question 48

Which metabolic abnormality is commonly associated with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 49

What is the main objective of insulin therapy in diabetes treatment?

Accepted Answer

To maintain near-normal blood sugar levels

Answer

To stimulate insulin production

Answer

To prevent hypoglycemia

Answer

To reduce insulin resistance