Ethics in Engineering: Theories and Frameworks for Ethical Decision-Making

Question 1

In virtue ethics, what is the primary area of concern?

Accepted Answer

Personal qualities

Answer

Obligations

Answer

Outcomes

Answer

Regulations

Question 2

According to moral absolutism, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

Certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences or circumstances.

Answer

Moral truths are subjective and vary depending on the individual.

Answer

Personal experiences and cultural background play a significant role in shaping ethical judgments.

Answer

Ethical decision-making should be flexible and based on personal beliefs and values.

Question 3

When faced with conflicting ethical principles, outline a logical approach to making a decision.

Accepted Answer

Analyze and compare the applicable ethical principles.

Answer

Base the decision solely on personal emotions and instincts.

Answer

Select the option that benefits the greatest number of people.

Answer

Adhere to the instructions of a person in authority.

Question 4

How does the concept of sustainability align with the principles of utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

Sustainability prioritizes maximizing overall long-term well-being, considering both social and environmental factors, which aligns with utilitarianism's principle of maximizing happiness for the greatest number.

Answer

Sustainability focuses solely on environmental preservation, unrelated to ethical theories like utilitarianism.

Answer

Utilitarianism promotes actions that benefit individuals, regardless of the broader impact on society.

Question 5

How do an engineer's personal values impact their ethical choices in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

Personal values can shape how engineers understand and apply ethical guidelines in their decision-making.

Answer

Personal values have no influence on ethical decision-making in engineering.

Answer

Personal values should always guide ethical decisions in engineering, even if they conflict with ethical guidelines.

Question 6

In deontological ethics, which principle is considered fundamental?

Accepted Answer

Actions are morally correct if they adhere to universal moral rules and duties.

Answer

Actions are morally correct if they maximize overall happiness or well-being.

Answer

Actions are morally correct if they align with personal values and virtues.

Question 7

Which ethical theory emphasizes the fulfillment of duties and obligations as the primary ethical consideration?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Care ethics

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 8

According to the utilitarian ethical theory, the most ethical action is one that:

Accepted Answer

Maximizes overall well-being or happiness for the greatest number of people.

Answer

Adheres strictly to established moral rules.

Answer

Promotes personal virtues and character development.

Question 9

Which ethical framework focuses on the significance of relationships, empathy, and concern for others?

Accepted Answer

Care ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 10

The 'veil of ignorance' concept in ethical theory is primarily associated with:

Accepted Answer

John Rawls

Answer

Immanuel Kant

Answer

Aristotle

Answer

John Stuart Mill

Question 11

In virtue ethics, the focus is on:

Accepted Answer

Developing and embodying positive character traits.

Answer

Prioritizing the needs of the disadvantaged.

Answer

Following prescribed moral rules without exception.

Answer

Maximizing overall happiness and pleasure.

Question 12

As a fundamental ethical responsibility, engineers should prioritize:

Accepted Answer

Protecting the safety and well-being of the public.

Answer

Maximizing profits for their organization.

Answer

Avoiding personal discomfort or inconvenience.

Answer

Unquestioningly obeying directives from superiors.

Question 13

When faced with ethical dilemmas, engineers should consider:

Accepted Answer

The potential short-term and long-term consequences of their actions.

Answer

Only considering their own personal feelings and beliefs.

Answer

Solely adhering to company policies and regulations.

Question 14

A key advantage of utilizing ethical frameworks in engineering is:

Accepted Answer

Identifying and potentially mitigating ethical concerns.

Answer

Ensuring the morally optimal outcome in all situations.

Answer

Eliminating the need for individual ethical judgment.

Question 15

As future engineers, your ethical responsibilities include:

Accepted Answer

Upholding ethical principles and promoting ethical practices in the engineering profession.

Answer

Prioritizing personal gain over ethical considerations.

Answer

Blindly following professional guidelines.

Question 16

Which ethical theory focuses on producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Care ethics

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Deontology

Question 17

According to Kantian ethics, which of the following principles should guide our actions?

Accepted Answer

Act only according to the maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.

Answer

The greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Question 18

Which ethical framework emphasizes adherence to professional codes and standards in engineering practice?

Accepted Answer

Professional ethics

Answer

Corporate ethics

Answer

Personal ethics

Answer

Situational ethics

Question 19

What is the key distinction between virtue ethics and other ethical theories?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics emphasizes the development of virtuous character, rather than solely focusing on the rightness or wrongness of actions.

Answer

Virtue ethics does not consider the consequences of actions.

Question 20

How can ethical theories be applied in engineering practice?

Accepted Answer

Ethical theories provide a framework for analyzing ethical issues, guiding decision-making, and justifying ethical choices.

Answer

Ethical theories are solely academic concepts and have no practical relevance in engineering.

Question 21

What is the difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic value is inherent worthiness, while instrumental value is worthiness based on usefulness.

Answer

Intrinsic value is subjective, while instrumental value is objective.

Question 22

How can moral dilemmas be resolved in engineering?

Accepted Answer

Through careful analysis, weighing of ethical principles, and consideration of stakeholder perspectives.

Answer

By simply following the rules and regulations.

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of ethical codes in engineering?

Accepted Answer

To provide guidance on ethical conduct, maintain professional standards, and protect the public interest.

Answer

To eliminate the need for individual ethical reasoning.

Answer

To ensure that engineers always act in the best interests of their employers.

Question 24

How can engineers promote ethical conduct in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

By fostering a culture of ethical values, encouraging open dialogue, and holding colleagues accountable for their ethical actions.

Answer

By solely relying on punishments for ethical violations.

Question 25

Which ethical theory aims to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantian ethics

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Contractarianism

Question 26

In engineering practice, which ethical framework guides engineers in their professional conduct and responsibilities?

Accepted Answer

IEEE Code of Ethics

Answer

Helsinki Declaration

Answer

Belmont Report

Answer

Nuremberg Code

Question 27

Which ethical principle requires engineers to consider the potential impact of their actions on the environment?

Accepted Answer

Environmental stewardship

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Question 28

Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of balancing the needs of individuals with the interests of the community?

Accepted Answer

Social contract theory

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Natural law theory

Question 29

In a situation where an engineer's personal beliefs conflict with the established ethical standards of their profession, the ethical theory of deontology suggests that the engineer should:

Accepted Answer

Adhere to the established ethical standards, even if they conflict with personal beliefs.

Answer

Seek a compromise between their beliefs and the established ethical standards.

Answer

Prioritize their own beliefs over the established ethical standards.

Question 30

Which ethical principle prohibits engineers from knowingly participating in activities that could harm the public?

Accepted Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Question 31

Which ethical theory emphasizes the inherent rights and value of all individuals, regardless of their race, gender, or other characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Egalitarianism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Libertarianism

Answer

Contractarianism

Question 32

In the context of engineering decision-making, 'risk assessment' refers to the process of:

Accepted Answer

Evaluating the potential consequences and likelihood of harm associated with a particular course of action.

Answer

Determining the most efficient or cost-effective solution.

Answer

Identifying the ethical principles that should guide the decision.

Question 33

Identify the element that is NOT a cornerstone of Kantian ethics.

Accepted Answer

Consequences

Answer

Categorical imperative

Answer

Good will

Answer

Universalizability

Question 34

According to the utilitarian ethical framework, which action is considered the most ethical?

Accepted Answer

The one that maximizes overall well-being (greatest good for the greatest number)

Answer

The one that conforms to societal norms

Answer

The one that aligns with religious teachings

Answer

The one that results in the most desirable outcomes

Question 35

Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of adhering to societal expectations and norms?

Accepted Answer

Cultural Relativism

Answer

Ethical Egoism

Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 36

According to virtue ethics, what characterizes a virtuous individual?

Accepted Answer

Consistent enactment of ethical principles in actions

Answer

Possession of inherent moral qualities

Answer

Infallible decision-making abilities

Question 37

What is a primary advantage of employing ethical frameworks in decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Provision of a structured approach to navigate ethical dilemmas

Answer

Elimination of the need for individual judgment

Answer

Guarantee of ethically sound decisions

Answer

Prevention of conflicts of interest

Question 38

When applying ethical frameworks to engineering scenarios, which factor is crucial to consider?

Accepted Answer

Potential impacts on all parties involved (stakeholders)

Answer

Prioritization of majority interests

Answer

Concentration solely on technical aspects

Answer

Elimination of personal biases

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a common challenge faced when applying ethical theories to real-world situations?

Accepted Answer

Availability of clear and definitive answers

Answer

Incomplete or biased information

Answer

Divergent perspectives among experts

Answer

Conflicting ethical principles

Question 40

According to the ethical principle of beneficence, engineers have a fundamental obligation to:

Accepted Answer

Act for the benefit of others and prevent harm

Answer

Respect individuals' autonomy

Answer

Promote fairness and justice

Answer

Avoid any conflicts of interest

Question 41

Which key ethical concern arises in the design and implementation of autonomous systems?

Accepted Answer

Potential for bias and unfair discrimination

Answer

Security vulnerabilities

Answer

Increased unemployment rates

Answer

Loss of human control

Question 42

The ethical theory that emphasizes finding a balance among competing ethical principles is known as:

Accepted Answer

Pluralism

Answer

Absolutism

Answer

Relativism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 43

Which ethical theory holds that moral principles should be universal and applicable to all rational beings?

Accepted Answer

Kantian ethics

Answer

Contractualism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Egoism

Question 44

A group of engineers is faced with a dilemma. They can either use cheaper materials that would compromise the safety of a bridge, or they can use more expensive materials that would ensure its integrity. Which ethical framework would emphasize the engineers' obligation to prioritize safety, even at a higher cost?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Existentialism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 45

A team of engineers is designing a new product for a developing country. They could choose a cheaper, less efficient technology or a more expensive, sustainable one. Which ethical framework would guide the engineers to consider the long-term impact of the technology on the local community and environment?

Accepted Answer

Sustainability Ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Kantian ethics

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 46

An engineer is working on a project that will displace a local community. Which ethical framework would emphasize the importance of respecting the rights and well-being of the community?

Accepted Answer

Justice

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 47

An engineer is designing an aircraft that is safe but expensive. Which ethical framework would emphasize the engineer's responsibility to make the technology accessible to as many people as possible?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Feminist Ethics

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 48

A group of engineers is developing a new energy source that has potential environmental risks. Which ethical framework would stress the need to carefully weigh the potential risks and benefits before making a decision?

Accepted Answer

Risk-Benefit Analysis

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Deontology

Question 49

A software engineer discovers a bug in a program that could have security implications. Which ethical principle would guide the engineer to report the bug, even if it delays the release of the software?

Accepted Answer

Honesty

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Question 50

A chemical engineer discovers a flaw in a production process that could lead to harmful emissions. Which ethical framework emphasizes the engineer's duty to disclose the issue, even if it endangers their job?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 51

A software engineering team is developing facial recognition software for a government agency. Which ethical framework would encourage them to prioritize the potential impact of their work on society?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Rights-based Ethics

Question 52

An engineer is designing a bridge and has the option to cut costs by using less durable materials. Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of adhering to professional standards and ensuring the integrity of the structure?

Accepted Answer

Professional Ethics

Answer

Existentialism

Answer

Egoism

Answer

Altruism

Question 53

A team of engineers is working on a project that involves using a new, untested material.  Which ethical framework would encourage them to err on the side of caution and prioritize safety, even if it means delaying the project?

Accepted Answer

Precautionary Principle

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Relativism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 54

Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits, such as honesty, integrity, and fairness, in engineers?

Accepted Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Rights-based Ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 55

An engineer is working on a project that involves the use of sensitive personal data.  Which ethical framework would encourage them to prioritize the protection of individuals' privacy and confidentiality?

Accepted Answer

Rights-based Ethics

Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Relativism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Question 56

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between ethical theories and frameworks?

Accepted Answer

Ethical frameworks provide practical guidelines for applying ethical theories to real-world situations.

Answer

Ethical theories are more important than ethical frameworks in guiding ethical decision-making.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a key element of ethical decision-making in engineering?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring the potential consequences of one's actions.

Answer

Gathering relevant information.

Answer

Identifying ethical issues.