Lung Cancer: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which diagnostic imaging technique is considered the gold standard for evaluating possible lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Question 2

Which drug is commonly used as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

Carboplatin

Answer

Pemetrexed

Answer

Bevacizumab

Question 3

Discuss the significance of advanced imaging techniques, including PET and MRI, in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Highlight their specific advantages and limitations.

Accepted Answer

PET and MRI provide detailed anatomical information, enabling precise localization and characterization of lung lesions, aiding in accurate diagnosis and staging.

Accepted Answer

PET is superior for detecting distant metastases, while MRI excels in evaluating local tumor invasion and mediastinal involvement.

Answer

Advanced imaging techniques, such as PET and MRI, are not typically recommended as the initial evaluation for suspected lung cancer.

Answer

PET and MRI play no role in monitoring and follow-up of patients with lung cancer.

Question 4

In the context of genetic testing for lung cancer susceptibility, which ethical consideration is of paramount importance?

Accepted Answer

Securing informed consent and maintaining confidentiality

Answer

Addressing potential psychological consequences

Answer

Assessing cost-effectiveness

Answer

Guaranteeing test accuracy and validity

Question 5

What is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Large cell carcinoma

Answer

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

Question 6

Which factor is the leading cause of lung cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Alcohol use

Answer

Air pollution

Answer

Hereditary factors

Question 7

In which stage of lung cancer is the disease confined to the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Stage I

Answer

Stage II

Answer

Stage III

Answer

Stage IV

Question 8

What clinical manifestation is commonly seen in small cell lung carcinoma?

Accepted Answer

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer

Dyspnea

Answer

Hemoptysis

Answer

Clubbing fingers

Question 9

Which imaging technique is generally used as the initial diagnostic test for lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Bronchoscopy

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 10

Which type of surgery is typically performed for resectable non-small cell lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Lobectomy

Answer

Pneumonectomy

Answer

Wedge resection

Answer

Laser surgery

Question 11

What is the primary mode of action of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in lung cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting cell proliferation

Answer

Inducing cell differentiation

Answer

Stimulating apoptosis

Answer

Enhancing immune response

Question 12

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of immunotherapy in lung cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Pneumonitis

Answer

Myelosuppression

Answer

Gastrointestinal toxicity

Answer

Alopecia

Question 13

What is a central aspect of managing patients with advanced lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Palliative care

Answer

Aggressive chemotherapy

Answer

Lung transplantation

Answer

Stem cell therapy

Question 14

Which is a primary goal of nursing care for patients with lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Symptom management

Answer

Disease surveillance

Answer

Health promotion

Answer

End-of-life care

Question 15

What diagnostic technique is considered the definitive method for confirming a diagnosis of lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Bronchoscopy with biopsy

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

Sputum cytology

Answer

CT scan

Question 16

For patients with a localized lung cancer, which treatment modality is generally the first-line approach?

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Radiotherapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Targeted therapy

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms of action is primarily responsible for the antitumor effects of cisplatin?

Accepted Answer

Alkylation of DNA

Answer

Inhibition of DNA synthesis

Answer

Induction of cell cycle arrest

Answer

Activation of apoptosis

Question 18

Hypertension is a potential adverse effect associated with which class of drugs used in lung cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)

Answer

Checkpoint inhibitors

Answer

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer

Anti-angiogenic agents

Question 19

For patients diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer, what is the general prognosis?

Accepted Answer

Poor

Answer

Excellent

Answer

Good

Answer

Variable

Question 20

Which type of lung carcinoma is characterized by cancer cells that appear flat and scale-like under a microscope?

Accepted Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Small cell carcinoma

Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Answer

Large cell carcinoma

Question 21

Which diagnostic imaging technique, providing detailed visualization of lung structures, is primarily used to diagnose lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 22

A well-established risk factor for lung carcinoma, associated with high levels of carcinogenic substances, is:

Accepted Answer

Tobacco smoke exposure

Answer

Exposure to asbestos

Answer

Air pollution

Answer

Diet low in fruits and vegetables

Question 23

In targeted therapy for lung carcinoma, the drug Erlotinib targets and inhibits which specific protein to prevent cancer cell growth?

Accepted Answer

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

Answer

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)

Answer

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)

Answer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Question 24

Which of the following is considered an advanced disease manifestation of lung cancer and indicates metastasis?

Accepted Answer

Brain metastases

Answer

Cough

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Shortness of breath

Question 25

A primary objective of palliative care in lung cancer patients is to:

Accepted Answer

Manage symptoms and enhance quality of life

Answer

Prevent disease progression

Answer

Reduce the likelihood of recurrence

Answer

Provide curative treatment

Question 26

In lung cancer screening for high-risk individuals, which method is recommended for early detection?

Accepted Answer

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)

Answer

Bronchoscopy

Answer

Chest X-ray

Question 27

A genetic factor that may increase the risk of developing lung cancer is:

Accepted Answer

KRAS mutation

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Exposure to radon

Answer

Air pollution

Question 28

What is the most likely initial diagnostic procedure to confirm the diagnosis of lung cancer in a 68-year-old patient presenting with persistent cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss, and a suspicious mass in the right lung on a chest X-ray?

Accepted Answer

Bronchoscopy with biopsy

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Sputum cytology

Answer

Thoracentesis

Question 29

Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with chemotherapy treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

Accepted Answer

Neuropathy

Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Hepatitis

Answer

Nephropathy

Question 30

In a patient with lung cancer who presents with superior vena cava syndrome, what is the most likely cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Compression of the superior vena cava by the tumor

Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Answer

Pericarditis

Answer

Aortic dissection

Question 31

Which of the following factors is most likely to contraindicate surgical resection for a patient with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

Accepted Answer

Metastatic disease

Answer

Central location of the tumor

Answer

Presence of a solitary nodule

Answer

Tumor size less than 3 cm

Question 32

Which type of lung cancer is the most common in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Small cell lung cancer

Question 33

For a patient with lung cancer who develops dyspnea and orthopnea, which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Pleural effusion

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Bronchitis

Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question 34

Which chemotherapy drug is commonly used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

Accepted Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

Cetuximab

Answer

Bevacizumab

Answer

Erlotinib

Question 35

Which subtype of lung cancer is most likely to be associated with Horner's syndrome in a patient presenting with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Pancoast tumor

Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Answer

Small cell lung cancer

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 36

Which of the following is the primary risk factor for the development of lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

High cholesterol

Answer

Physical inactivity

Question 37

Which of the following is a potential side effect of radiation therapy for lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Esophagitis

Answer

Nephritis

Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Hepatitis

Question 38

Which histological classification of lung cancer carries the poorest prognosis?

Accepted Answer

Small cell carcinoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Adenocarcinoma

Answer

Large cell carcinoma

Question 39

What is the most frequent symptom reported by patients with lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Cough

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Hemoptysis

Question 40

Which aspect is a cornerstone of the staging system for lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Assessment of tumor size, nodal involvement, and presence of distant metastases

Answer

Consideration of molecular markers

Answer

Emphasis on histological subtype

Answer

Incorporation of symptoms and functional status

Question 41

What is the fundamental mechanism of action of EGFR inhibitors in treating lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Blockade of tyrosine kinase signaling

Answer

Hormonal receptor inhibition

Answer

Alkylation of DNA

Answer

Immunostimulation

Question 42

Which nursing intervention is crucial in mitigating the adverse effects of radiation therapy in patients with lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Skin care and education on radiation safety

Answer

Intravenous fluid administration

Answer

Tracheal suctioning

Answer

Psychological support

Question 43

What is a potential complication of surgical resection for lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Renal failure

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Question 44

Which diagnostic method is essential for definitively diagnosing lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tissue biopsy

Answer

Sputum cytology

Answer

Chest X-ray

Answer

CT scan