Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common cause of renal transplantation failure?

Accepted Answer

Rejection

Answer

Infection

Answer

Nephrotoxicity

Answer

Hemorrhage

Question 2

Which medication class is the primary treatment for anemia associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs)

Answer

Iron supplements

Answer

Blood transfusions

Question 3

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of what aspect of kidney function?

Accepted Answer

The amount of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute

Answer

The amount of urine produced by the kidneys per minute

Answer

The concentration of creatinine in the blood

Answer

The size of the kidneys

Question 4

The diagnostic test considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing CKD is:

Accepted Answer

Kidney biopsy

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level

Answer

Serum creatinine level

Answer

Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio

Question 5

Which of the following is a first-line pharmacological intervention for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Statins

Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Aspirin

Question 6

The primary aim of pharmacological therapy for CKD involves:

Accepted Answer

Preventing or slowing the progression of kidney disease

Answer

Reversing kidney damage

Answer

Curing CKD

Answer

Managing all symptoms associated with CKD

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of CKD?

Accepted Answer

Cirrhosis

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Answer

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Question 8

Which of the following dietary recommendations is appropriate for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Low-protein diet

Answer

High-sodium diet

Answer

High-potassium diet

Answer

Unrestricted diet

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infections

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Aging

Question 10

Which laboratory test is primarily used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Serum creatinine

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

Cystatin C

Answer

Microalbuminuria

Question 11

What is the most common type of anemia associated with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Normocytic normochromic anemia

Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer

Aplastic anemia

Question 12

Which antihypertensive drug class is particularly effective in reducing proteinuria in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Diuretics

Question 13

What is the primary therapeutic goal of erythropoietin therapy in CKD patients?

Accepted Answer

To increase hematocrit levels

Answer

To reduce inflammation

Answer

To clear excess fluid

Answer

To improve renal function

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

High cholesterol

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Question 15

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) primarily a measure of?

Accepted Answer

The rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys

Answer

The volume of urine produced per minute

Answer

The concentration of creatinine in the blood

Answer

The number of nephrons in the kidneys

Question 16

Which class of medications is commonly used to treat anemia in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin-stimulating agents

Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Answer

Loop diuretics

Answer

Statins

Question 17

Which laboratory value is primarily used to estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Serum creatinine

Answer

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Creatinine clearance

Question 18

Which pharmacological agent is primarily used to treat anemia in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Iron supplements

Answer

Vitamin B12 injections

Answer

Heparin

Question 19

What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Polycystic kidney disease

Question 20

The kidneys play a primary role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Which of the following is their primary function in this regard?

Accepted Answer

Regulating sodium and water excretion

Answer

Maintaining blood pH

Answer

Secreting hormones

Answer

Filtering waste products

Question 21

Which of the following clinical manifestations is typically NOT observed in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Seizures

Answer

Edema

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Hypertension

Question 22

Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with CKD due to its potential nephrotoxic effects?

Accepted Answer

Ibuprofen

Answer

Acetaminophen

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Warfarin

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a lifestyle modification for patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Excessive fluid intake

Answer

Sodium restriction

Answer

Smoking cessation

Answer

Regular exercise

Question 24

Which of the following is a common sign of fluid overload in patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Edema

Answer

Hyponatremia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Dry mucous membranes

Question 25

What is the standard frequency of hemodialysis for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Accepted Answer

Three times per week

Answer

Once per week

Answer

Twice per week

Answer

Every other day

Question 26

Proteinuria, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is often detected by the presence of which characteristic in the urine?

Accepted Answer

Foaminess

Answer

Cloudiness

Answer

Dark coloration

Answer

Low specific gravity

Question 27

Glomerular inflammation is a key pathophysiological mechanism leading to which type of chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Answer

Pyelonephritis

Answer

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 28

Controlling fluid overload is a primary goal of pharmacological management in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Which class of drugs is commonly used for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

Diuretics

Answer

Antihypertensive medications

Answer

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

Answer

Mineral binders

Question 29

Which class of drugs is primarily used to reduce proteinuria, a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Beta-blockers

Answer

Calcium channel blockers

Answer

Statins

Question 30

ACE inhibitors, commonly used in chronic kidney disease (CKD), exert their therapeutic effects primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer

Promoting vasodilation

Answer

Increasing glomerular filtration rate

Answer

Reducing inflammation

Question 31

Which type of dialysis provides a slower and more continuous form of renal replacement therapy?

Accepted Answer

Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH)

Answer

Hemodialysis

Answer

Intermittent hemodialysis

Answer

Peritoneal dialysis

Question 32

Which of the following is the predominant cause of CKD globally?

Accepted Answer

Chronic glomerulonephritis, including conditions such as diabetic nephropathy

Answer

Autoimmune diseases alone

Answer

Hypertension alone

Answer

Diabetes mellitus alone

Question 33

What is the primary role of the kidneys in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Regulating extracellular fluid volume, composition, and acid-base balance

Answer

Producing hormones like erythropoietin and vitamin D

Answer

Clearing toxins and waste products from the blood

Question 34

Which clinical manifestation is a signature indicator of CKD?

Accepted Answer

Proteinuria, which signifies damage to the glomerular filtration barrier and loss of proteins in the urine

Answer

Edema, which can result from fluid retention and impaired sodium excretion

Answer

Fatigue, which can arise from anemia and other metabolic disturbances

Answer

Hypertension, which can be both a cause and consequence of CKD

Question 35

What is the overarching goal of pharmacological management in CKD?

Accepted Answer

Retarding disease progression, reducing symptoms, and preventing complications

Answer

Eliminating proteinuria and hematuria

Answer

Reversing or curing the underlying cause of CKD

Question 36

Which medication class is commonly prescribed in CKD to reduce proteinuria and slow disease progression?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Answer

Diuretics to promote fluid removal

Answer

Antihypertensives, such as beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers

Answer

Antibiotics used to treat underlying infections if present

Question 37

What is the primary responsibility of nurses in providing education to patients with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Empowering patients to manage their symptoms, adjust their lifestyle, and prevent disease progression.

Answer

Providing information only about medications.

Answer

Focusing primarily on dietary restrictions.

Question 38

Which class of medications is primarily used to address anemia associated with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs).

Answer

Antihypertensives (medications for high blood pressure).

Answer

Diuretics (medications to increase urine output).

Answer

Statins (medications to lower cholesterol).

Question 39

What stage of CKD is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 15 mL/min/1.73 m²?

Accepted Answer

End-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Answer

Stage 1 CKD.

Answer

Stage 3 CKD.

Answer

Stage 5 CKD.

Question 40

What is the recommended daily sodium intake for individuals with CKD?

Accepted Answer

Less than 2,000 mg.

Answer

As much as desired.

Answer

No specific recommendations.

Answer

Over 3,000 mg.

Question 41

Which CKD-related complication can potentially lead to heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Answer

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Answer

Osteoporosis.

Answer

Pneumonia.

Question 42

The primary goal of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for patients with ESRD is to:

Accepted Answer

Remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood

Answer

Cure CKD

Answer

Prevent further kidney damage