Cardiovascular Regulation: Interactive Learning Quizzes for Medical Students

Question 1

Neurotransmitter released from postganglionic sympathetic nerves innervating the heart:

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 2

Primary mechanism of blood pressure elevation by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS):

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased glomerular filtration rate

Answer

Decreased sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 3

Function of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart that is NOT:

Accepted Answer

Increases cardiac contractility

Answer

Decreases heart rate

Answer

Decreases blood pressure

Answer

Constricts coronary arteries

Question 4

Hormone promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume:

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Renin

Question 5

Beta-adrenergic receptor blocker commonly used to treat hypertension:

Accepted Answer

Propranolol

Answer

Lidocaine

Answer

Digoxin

Answer

Nitroglycerin

Question 6

Condition characterized by increased sympathetic nervous system activity and elevated blood pressure:

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Hypotension

Answer

Arrhythmia

Answer

Heart failure

Question 7

Hormone released from the pituitary gland that can stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce vasoconstrictive glucocorticoids:

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Prolactin

Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 8

How does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily control heart rate?

Accepted Answer

By activating muscarinic receptors in the heart

Answer

By releasing norepinephrine at the sinoatrial node

Answer

By inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps in the heart

Question 9

In response to decreased blood pressure, which hormone is released and causes vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Renin

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 10

Increased sympathetic activity results in:

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Vasodilation

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Hypothermia

Question 11

Which factor does NOT influence cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance

Answer

Heart rate

Answer

Stroke volume

Answer

Venous return

Question 12

During exercise, what physiological adaptation does NOT occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased systemic vascular resistance

Answer

Increased cardiac output

Answer

Increased stroke volume

Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 13

The baroreflex is a homeostatic mechanism primarily responsible for regulating:

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure

Answer

Heart rate

Answer

Body temperature

Answer

Blood glucose levels

Question 14

Which ion channel is crucial for the rapid depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

Fast sodium channel

Answer

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer

Slow calcium channel

Answer

Atrioventricular node

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

High blood pressure

Question 16

Which of the following hormones primarily increases cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, leading to an increase in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Vasopressin

Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter, released by the vagus nerve, is responsible for decreasing heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Question 18

Activation of which receptor causes vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

Answer

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Answer

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer

Dopamine-1 receptor

Question 19

What is the main function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Accepted Answer

To increase blood pressure

Answer

To reduce blood pressure

Answer

To regulate blood glucose levels

Answer

To stimulate the release of growth hormone

Question 20

Which of the following factors can decrease systemic vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Partial vasodilation

Answer

Increased blood viscosity

Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Hypertension

Question 21

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest tunica media?

Accepted Answer

Artery

Answer

Arteriole

Answer

Capillary

Answer

Vein

Question 22

What is the fundamental mechanism responsible for initiating cardiac action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Answer

Closure of voltage-gated potassium channels

Answer

Influx of calcium ions through L-type calcium channels

Answer

Release of acetylcholine from the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by parasympathetic neurons innervating the heart?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 24

Renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus is stimulated when:

Accepted Answer

Sodium concentration decreases

Answer

Blood pressure increases

Answer

Blood volume increases

Answer

Potassium concentration increases

Question 25

Which hormone primarily increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cortisol

Question 26

The Frank-Starling law describes the relationship between:

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume and end-diastolic volume

Answer

Heart rate and stroke volume

Answer

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Answer

Blood pressure and heart rate

Question 27

Which factor does NOT contribute to the regulation of sympathetic outflow to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Osmoreceptors

Answer

Baroreceptors

Answer

Chemoreceptors

Answer

Carotid Sinus

Question 28

The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in response to:

Accepted Answer

Increased blood volume

Answer

Decreased blood volume

Answer

Increased blood pressure

Answer

Decreased blood pressure

Question 29

The Fick principle enables the calculation of:

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output

Answer

Stroke volume

Answer

Peripheral resistance

Answer

Mean arterial pressure

Question 30

The primary function of the cardiac conduction system is to:

Accepted Answer

Initiate and coordinate electrical impulses in the heart

Answer

Pump blood through the heart chambers

Answer

Regulate blood flow to the coronary arteries

Answer

Maintain blood pressure

Question 31

Which of the following changes in systemic blood pressure would trigger a baroreflex response?

Accepted Answer

A. Increase in blood pressure

Answer

B. Decrease in blood pressure

Answer

C. Increase in heart rate

Answer

D. Decrease in stroke volume

Question 32

How does arteriolar constriction affect capillary filtration?

Accepted Answer

B. Decreases capillary filtration

Answer

A. Increases capillary filtration

Answer

C. Has no effect on capillary filtration

Answer

D. Reverses capillary filtration

Question 33

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

Accepted Answer

A. Arteries

Answer

B. Veins

Answer

C. Capillaries

Answer

D. Arterioles

Question 34

Which of the following factors would decrease cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

C. Decreased preload

Answer

A. Increased heart rate

Answer

B. Increased stroke volume

Answer

D. Decreased afterload

Question 35

Which component of the autonomic nervous system primarily increases heart rate and vasoconstriction?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Answer

Parasympathetic division

Answer

Enteric nervous system

Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 36

Which hormone is directly responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Adrenaline

Question 37

The baroreceptor reflex is initiated by:

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure changes

Answer

Blood volume changes

Answer

pH changes

Answer

Temperature changes

Question 38

Which of these increases peripheral vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Vasodilation

Answer

Increased blood pressure

Answer

Decreased heart rate

Question 39

What does preload determine?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular blood volume

Answer

Ventricular contraction force

Answer

Heart rate

Answer

Peripheral vascular resistance

Question 40

The Frank-Starling curve illustrates the relationship between:

Accepted Answer

Preload and stroke volume

Answer

Afterload and stroke volume

Answer

Contractility and stroke volume

Answer

Heart rate and stroke volume

Question 41

Which is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone production

Answer

Oxygen and nutrient transport

Answer

Body temperature regulation

Answer

Waste elimination

Question 42

Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Left atrium

Answer

Right ventricle

Answer

Left ventricle

Question 43

A patient presents with severe dehydration due to excessive vomiting. Which of the following physiological responses is MOST LIKELY to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased renin secretion by the kidneys

Answer

Increased atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion

Answer

Decreased aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex

Answer

Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 44

Which of the following factors would lead to a DECREASE in cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload

Answer

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Answer

Increased preload

Answer

Increased contractility

Question 45

Stimulation of the vagus nerve will have what effect on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Decrease heart rate

Answer

No effect on heart rate

Answer

Increase heart rate

Answer

Increase contractility

Question 46

Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) regulates blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation of blood vessels

Answer

Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys

Answer

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 47

A patient experiences orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure upon standing). Which reflex is MOST directly responsible for compensating for this change?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer

Cushing reflex

Answer

Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer

Bainbridge reflex

Question 48

What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Decreased cardiac contractility

Answer

Decreased heart rate

Answer

Vasodilation

Question 49

Which hormone is released from the atria in response to increased blood volume and promotes sodium excretion by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer

Angiotensin II

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 50

Increased levels of which electrolyte in the blood can directly contribute to hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Sodium

Answer

Calcium

Answer

Potassium

Answer

Magnesium

Question 51

Which of the following conditions would lead to an increase in blood viscosity and, consequently, an increase in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration

Answer

Anemia

Answer

Hemorrhage

Answer

Leukemia

Question 52

During exercise, what is the primary mechanism responsible for the increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Local metabolic vasodilation

Answer

Increased parasympathetic stimulation to skeletal muscle arterioles

Answer

Increased sympathetic stimulation to skeletal muscle arterioles

Answer

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels supplying other organs