Neurologic Assessment and Monitoring for Pediatrics: Online Learning Quizzes

Question 1

What neuroimaging technique utilizes magnetic fields and radio waves to generate cross-sectional images of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)

Question 2

Which EEG pattern is characterized by high-amplitude, slow waves that occur at a frequency less than 4 Hz?

Accepted Answer

Delta rhythm

Answer

Alpha rhythm

Answer

Beta rhythm

Answer

Theta rhythm

Question 3

What is the most common cause of seizures in infants?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Epilepsy

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Brain tumor

Question 4

Which laboratory test is used to measure blood lactate levels in order to assess metabolic encephalopathy?

Accepted Answer

Arterial blood gas (ABG)

Answer

Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer

Electrolytes

Answer

Liver function tests

Question 5

What is the primary goal of treatment for cerebral edema?

Accepted Answer

To reduce intracranial pressure

Answer

To improve cerebral blood flow

Answer

To prevent seizures

Answer

To promote neuronal regeneration

Question 6

What is the deep tendon reflex that involves contraction of the biceps brachii muscle in response to tapping the biceps tendon?

Accepted Answer

Biceps reflex

Answer

Babinski reflex

Answer

Kernig reflex

Answer

Brudzinski sign

Question 7

In infants under 2 years old, which sign is the most reliable indicator of elevated intracranial pressure?

Accepted Answer

A bulging or tense anterior fontanelle

Answer

Enlarged head circumference

Answer

Lethargy

Answer

Vomiting

Question 8

Which imaging modality provides the most detailed anatomical and pathological evaluation of the brain in children?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 9

Which type of electroencephalography (EEG) is used for continuous monitoring of brain activity in critically ill children?

Accepted Answer

Continuous EEG

Answer

Intermittent EEG

Answer

Video-EEG

Answer

Polysomnography

Question 10

Which factor is primarily considered in determining the prognosis of children with traumatic brain injury?

Accepted Answer

Severity of injury

Answer

Age at time of injury

Answer

Type of injury

Answer

Parent's socioeconomic status

Question 11

Which neurologic condition in children is characterized by seizures that are resistant to conventional medications?

Accepted Answer

Intractable epilepsy

Answer

Epilepsy

Answer

Status epilepticus

Answer

Febrile seizures

Question 12

What is the primary purpose of neurologic monitoring in children?

Accepted Answer

To detect and diagnose neurologic abnormalities

Answer

To prevent neurologic injury

Answer

To treat neurologic conditions

Answer

To improve patient comfort

Question 13

Which clinical feature is characteristic of neurofibromatosis type 1?

Accepted Answer

Multiple café-au-lait spots

Answer

Intellectual disability

Answer

Seizures

Answer

Glaucoma

Question 14

In children under 2 years of age, what is the most common cause of seizures?

Accepted Answer

Febrile seizures

Answer

Epilepsy

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Head trauma

Question 15

Which neuroimaging technique is most appropriate for evaluating brain tumors in children?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

X-ray

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 16

A 3-month-old infant presents with hypotonia and decreased Moro reflex. Which of the following neuroimaging modalities is the most appropriate initial step in evaluating this infant?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Plain radiography

Answer

Computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 17

A 5-year-old child has a seizure characterized by staring, loss of consciousness, and rhythmic body movements. Which of the following EEG patterns is most likely associated with this type of seizure?

Accepted Answer

Generalized spike-wave discharges

Answer

Focal sharp waves

Answer

Periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges (PLEDs)

Answer

Absence seizures

Question 18

Which of the following is the most prevalent cause of seizures in children younger than 2 years of age?

Accepted Answer

Febrile seizures

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Encephalopathy

Answer

Trauma

Question 19

A newborn infant presents with an enlarged head and a bulging anterior fontanelle. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocephalus

Answer

Microcephaly

Answer

Meningomyelocele

Answer

Craniosynostosis

Question 20

Which of the following is the most common cause of seizures in children under two years of age?

Accepted Answer

Febrile seizures

Answer

Epilepsy

Answer

Head trauma

Answer

Meningitis

Question 21

What is the initial treatment of choice for status epilepticus in children?

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines

Answer

Phenytoin

Answer

Fosphenytoin

Answer

Levetiracetam

Question 22

What is the most common type of hydrocephalus in children?

Accepted Answer

Communicating hydrocephalus

Answer

Obstructive hydrocephalus

Answer

Ex vacuo hydrocephalus

Answer

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Question 23

Which medication is primarily used to treat seizures in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Valproic acid

Answer

Levetiracetam

Answer

Lamotrigine

Answer

Phenytoin

Question 24

Which EEG finding is suggestive of absence seizures?

Accepted Answer

Generalized spike-and-wave discharges

Answer

Focal sharp waves

Answer

Polyspike and wave discharges

Answer

Slow waves

Question 25

What is the main role of neurosonography in the evaluation of children with suspected neurologic disorders?

Accepted Answer

Diagnosing structural brain anomalies

Answer

Monitoring intracranial blood flow

Answer

Assessing for signs of increased intracranial pressure

Answer

Identifying metabolic disorders

Question 26

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for pupillary constriction in response to light?

Accepted Answer

Optic (II)

Answer

Abducens (VI)

Answer

Olfactory (I)

Answer

Trochlear (IV)

Question 27

Which electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern is typically associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?

Accepted Answer

High-amplitude, rhythmic spikes and waves

Answer

Flat line

Answer

Low-amplitude, irregular delta waves

Answer

High-amplitude, sharp waves

Question 28

Which of the following is a contraindication to performing a lumbar puncture?

Accepted Answer

Suspected increased intracranial pressure

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Skin infection at the puncture site

Answer

Recent head trauma without signs of intracranial injury

Question 29

A child with a suspected intracranial hemorrhage should be monitored for which of the following signs and symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased level of consciousness, projectile vomiting, and seizures

Answer

Cough, fever, and diarrhea

Answer

Skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and sore throat

Question 30

Which of the following is the most common indication for continuous EEG monitoring in children?

Accepted Answer

Status epilepticus

Answer

Febrile seizure

Answer

Migraine headache

Answer

Syncope

Question 31

Which neuroimaging technique is most appropriate for detecting acute intracranial hemorrhage in a child with suspected head trauma?

Accepted Answer

Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 32

A 2-year-old child presents with episodes of staring, unresponsiveness, and subtle body movements. Which of the following EEG patterns is most characteristic of absence seizures?

Accepted Answer

3 Hz generalized spike-and-wave discharges

Answer

Myoclonic seizures

Answer

Focal seizures with impaired awareness

Answer

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

Question 33

Which of the following monitoring devices is used to continuously measure intracranial pressure?

Accepted Answer

Intracranial pressure monitor

Answer

Pulse oximeter

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Capnography

Question 34

Which of the following findings is considered the most sensitive indicator of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Accepted Answer

Papilledema, swelling of the optic nerve head due to increased ICP, as seen in fundoscopic examination

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Decreased respiratory rate

Answer

Hypertension

Question 35

A neonate presents with a high-pitched cry, irritability, and opisthotonos, which is an abnormal posturing characterized by an arched back and backward bending of the head and neck. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Meningitis, an inflammation of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), most commonly caused by bacteria or viruses

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Sepsis

Question 36

For evaluating a suspected posterior fossa tumor, which neuroimaging technique is considered the most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

MRI with gadolinium contrast, which provides detailed cross-sectional images of the brain and can detect abnormalities in the posterior fossa

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Radionuclide scan

Answer

CT scan with contrast

Question 37

A 5-year-old child presents with a sudden onset of focal seizures involving the right arm. Which of the following EEG patterns is most suggestive of a focal seizure?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic, sharp waves over the left hemisphere, indicating the abnormal electrical activity localized to the left hemisphere

Answer

Hypsarrhythmia

Answer

A normal EEG

Answer

Generalized, spike-and-wave discharges

Question 38

Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to performing a lumbar puncture?

Accepted Answer

Suspected increased ICP, as inserting the needle into the spinal canal can potentially lower the pressure and cause herniation of the brain

Answer

Recent spinal surgery

Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Answer

Fever

Question 39

A 10-year-old child presents with ataxia, which is difficulty with coordination, and slurred speech. Which of the following metabolic disorders should be suspected?

Accepted Answer

Leigh syndrome, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by developmental delay, hypotonia (decreased muscle tone), and characteristic brain lesions

Answer

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Answer

Phenylketonuria

Answer

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 40

Which of the following reflexes is most reliable for detecting upper motor neuron lesions?

Accepted Answer

Babinski reflex, which involves an upward movement of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stroked, indicating damage to the corticospinal tract

Answer

Plantar reflex

Answer

Biceps reflex

Answer

Patellar reflex

Question 41

A 15-year-old adolescent with a history of migraines presents with a sudden onset of severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Status migrainosus, a prolonged and severe migraine attack that can last for more than 72 hours

Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer

Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 42

Which of the following clinical findings is most suggestive of a Chiari malformation, a structural defect in which the cerebellar tonsils descend into the spinal canal?

Accepted Answer

Downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord exits

Answer

Nystagmus

Answer

Increased head circumference

Question 43

What is the recommended initial treatment for seizures in a neonate?

Accepted Answer

Phenobarbital

Answer

Levetiracetam

Answer

Topiramate

Answer

Valproic acid

Question 44

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for facial sensation?

Accepted Answer

Trigeminal (V)

Answer

Facial (VII)

Answer

Olfactory (I)

Answer

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Question 45

A child presenting with ataxia and slurred speech is most likely exhibiting signs of:

Accepted Answer

Cerebellar dysfunction

Answer

Basal ganglia dysfunction

Answer

Hemispheric dysfunction

Answer

Brainstem dysfunction

Question 46

Which imaging modality is most effective for detecting intracranial hemorrhage?

Accepted Answer

Non-contrast computed tomography (CT)

Answer

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 47

What is the first-line treatment for a 2-year-old child experiencing a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

Accepted Answer

Rectal diazepam

Answer

Nasal midazolam

Answer

Intravenous phenytoin

Answer

Oral levetiracetam

Question 48

Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay?

Accepted Answer

Prematurity

Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Breastfeeding

Answer

Adequate prenatal care

Question 49

A child with a brain tumor is being monitored with serial neurologic examinations. Which of the following findings would be most concerning?

Accepted Answer

Progressive hemiparesis

Answer

Intermittent headaches

Answer

Cognitive difficulties

Answer

Nausea and vomiting