Functional Neuroimaging: Unlocking the Secrets of Brain Function

Question 1

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting alterations in blood oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 2

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by recording electrical signals on the scalp?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 3

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by recording magnetic fields generated by electrical currents?

Accepted Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 4

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to study brain function during working memory tasks?

Accepted Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 5

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to study brain function during sleep?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 6

Which neuroimaging technique offers high spatial resolution but lower temporal resolution?

Accepted Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 7

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to study brain function in newborns and infants?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 8

Which imaging technique is NOT primarily used to assess brain function?

Accepted Answer

CT

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 9

What is the primary advantage of fMRI compared to EEG and MEG?

Accepted Answer

Higher spatial resolution

Answer

Higher temporal resolution

Answer

Lower cost

Answer

Greater sensitivity to subcortical activity

Question 10

What does the BOLD signal in fMRI primarily represent?

Accepted Answer

Blood flow

Answer

Brain activity

Answer

Neurotransmitter release

Answer

Neuronal firing

Question 11

What is the primary limitation of EEG as a neuroimaging technique?

Accepted Answer

Low spatial resolution

Answer

Low temporal resolution

Answer

High cost

Answer

Invasiveness

Question 12

Which neuroimaging technique utilizes changes in blood flow to generate images of brain activity, offering high spatial resolution?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 13

In fMRI, which type of brain activity corresponds to increased blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Excitatory processes

Answer

Inhibitory processes

Answer

Resting state fluctuations

Answer

Neuroplastic changes

Question 14

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, utilizing the fact that active brain regions consume more oxygen and therefore have increased blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 15

What is the primary physiological mechanism underlying the fMRI signal?

Accepted Answer

Changes in blood flow

Answer

Changes in oxygen consumption

Answer

Changes in neural firing rate

Answer

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid flow

Question 16

Which ethical consideration is particularly relevant to functional neuroimaging research, given the sensitive nature of brain data?

Accepted Answer

Protecting privacy and confidentiality

Answer

Ensuring informed consent

Answer

Avoiding harm to participants

Answer

Addressing potential biases

Question 17

What is the fundamental principle underlying the use of seed-based connectivity analysis in fMRI, allowing researchers to explore functional relationships between different brain regions?

Accepted Answer

Identifying regions that are functionally correlated with a specific seed region

Answer

Creating a map of all brain regions involved in a particular task

Answer

Estimating the strength of connections between different brain regions

Answer

Tracking the flow of information within a neural network

Question 18

What is the primary goal of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a specialized MRI technique?

Accepted Answer

Mapping brain connectivity by tracking the diffusion of water molecules in the brain

Answer

Measuring brain volume

Answer

Detecting changes in brain activity

Answer

Identifying brain tumors

Question 19

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is NOT commonly employed to investigate brain function?

Accepted Answer

X-ray imaging

Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Question 20

In functional neuroimaging research, what ethical considerations are particularly relevant regarding data privacy and informed consent?

Accepted Answer

Participants should be fully informed of the potential risks and benefits of the research before providing consent.

Answer

Data collection should proceed without informed consent, as the potential benefits of the research outweigh any risks.

Answer

Researchers can use data from neuroimaging studies for commercial purposes without the participants' consent.

Answer

Ethical guidelines are unnecessary for functional neuroimaging research.

Question 21

Which of the following advancements in neuroimaging combines multiple techniques to offer a comprehensive analysis of brain function?

Accepted Answer

Multimodal neuroimaging

Answer

Univariate fMRI analysis

Answer

EEG source localization

Answer

Computational modeling of resting-state fMRI

Question 22

How has fMRI been employed to investigate higher-order cognitive functions like language, memory, and decision-making?

Accepted Answer

By measuring changes in blood flow in specific brain areas during cognitive tasks.

Answer

By directly recording electrical activity from brain neurons.

Answer

By analyzing brain activity patterns to identify specific cognitive processes.

Answer

By stimulating specific brain regions with electrical currents to study their role in cognition.

Question 23

fMRI detects changes in blood flow to infer brain activity. Which type of neural activity is typically associated with an **increased** blood flow signal?

Accepted Answer

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

Answer

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

Answer

Spontaneous neural activity

Answer

Resting state brain activity

Question 24

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

TMS

Answer

EEG

Answer

tDCS

Question 25

What is the primary advantage of EEG over fMRI?

Accepted Answer

Higher temporal resolution, allowing for the measurement of neural oscillations in the millisecond range.

Answer

Non-invasiveness

Answer

Cost-effectiveness

Answer

Higher spatial resolution

Question 26

What is the term for the synchronized activity of neural oscillations across different brain regions?

Accepted Answer

Brain connectivity

Answer

Long-term potentiation

Answer

Synaptic plasticity

Answer

Neurogenesis

Question 27

Which neuroimaging technique is primarily used to study spontaneous brain activity while an individual is at rest?

Accepted Answer

resting-state fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

task-based fMRI

Question 28

What is the name of the statistical technique commonly used to analyze fMRI data to identify brain regions that are activated during specific tasks or cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

General linear model (GLM)

Answer

Principal component analysis

Answer

Hierarchical linear modeling

Answer

Logistic regression

Question 29

Which ethical consideration is of utmost importance when conducting functional neuroimaging research involving human participants?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Data security

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Cost-effectiveness

Question 30

What is a limitation of using EEG to measure brain activity?

Accepted Answer

Poor spatial resolution, as it provides information about electrical activity on the surface of the brain but limited information about deeper brain structures.

Answer

Invasiveness

Answer

Low temporal resolution

Answer

High cost

Question 31

Which software package is commonly used for preprocessing and analyzing fMRI data?

Accepted Answer

FSL (FMRIB Software Library)

Answer

Excel

Answer

MATLAB

Answer

SPSS

Question 32

What is the name of the brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to measure brain activity by detecting changes in magnetic fields caused by electrical currents in the brain?

Accepted Answer

MEG

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET

Answer

EEG

Question 33

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using fMRI for functional neuroimaging?

Accepted Answer

Low temporal resolution

Answer

Provides anatomical and functional information

Answer

Non-invasive

Answer

Can be used to study connectivity

Question 34

Which neuroimaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 35

Which of the following is a measure of brain connectivity derived from fMRI data?

Accepted Answer

Functional connectivity

Answer

Structural connectivity

Answer

Effective connectivity

Answer

Diffusion tensor imaging

Question 36

What is the neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the BOLD signal measured by fMRI?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Serotonin

Question 37

Which of the following statistical methods is commonly used to analyze fMRI data?

Accepted Answer

General linear model (GLM)

Answer

Support vector machine

Answer

Random forest

Answer

Decision tree

Question 38

What is a major ethical consideration in the use of functional neuroimaging in research?

Accepted Answer

Protecting participant privacy

Answer

Minimizing radiation exposure

Answer

Ensuring participant comfort

Answer

Preventing psychological distress

Question 39

Which neuroimaging technique measures regional cerebral blood flow changes in response to neural activity?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

MEG

Answer

PET

Question 40

Which type of brain signal is measured by EEG?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Electromyography

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Magnetoencephalography

Question 41

Which neuroimaging technique captures magnetic field fluctuations generated by brain activity?

Accepted Answer

MEG

Answer

EEG

Answer

fMRI

Answer

PET

Question 42

What is the fundamental neurovascular coupling mechanism underlying fMRI signals?

Accepted Answer

Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast

Answer

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Answer

Electromagnetic induction

Answer

Positron emission tomography

Question 43

Compared to EEG and MEG, which limitation is inherent to fMRI?

Accepted Answer

Lower temporal resolution

Answer

Invasive procedure

Answer

Lower spatial resolution

Answer

Higher cost

Question 44

What is the primary target of radioactive tracers used in PET neuroimaging?

Accepted Answer

Neurochemicals

Answer

Magnetic fields

Answer

Electrical signals

Question 45

What is the role of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) in functional neuroimaging?

Accepted Answer

Providing a standard brain template for image registration

Answer

Conducting clinical trials for neuroimaging technologies

Answer

Developing novel neuroimaging techniques

Question 46

Which neuroimaging technique is most appropriate for studying real-time changes in neural activity associated with language processing?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 47

The BOLD signal measured in fMRI primarily reflects:

Accepted Answer

Changes in blood oxygenation levels resulting from neuronal activity.

Answer

The direct measurement of neuronal firing rates.

Answer

Changes in electrical activity in the brain.

Question 48

In a patient with suspected epilepsy, which neuroimaging technique is most useful for identifying the focal point of seizure activity?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 49

Which neuroimaging technique is most suitable for studying functional connectivity between different brain regions during a cognitive task?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 50

A key advantage of MEG over EEG in studying brain activity is:

Accepted Answer

Improved spatial resolution.

Answer

Enhanced temporal resolution.

Answer

Lower cost.

Answer

Reduced susceptibility to artifacts.

Question 51

To investigate changes in brain activity and connectivity in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) compared to healthy controls, which neuroimaging technique is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 52

Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting radioactive isotopes into the bloodstream for detection?

Accepted Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 53

In a patient suspected of having a brain tumor, which neuroimaging technique is most useful for visualizing the tumor's location and size?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 54

A key benefit of combining fMRI and EEG in a research study is:

Accepted Answer

Combining the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of EEG.

Answer

Eliminating the need for specialized equipment.

Answer

Reducing the financial burden of neuroimaging research.

Question 55

To capture brain activity during the decision-making process, which neuroimaging technique is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)