Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management for Medical Students

Question 1

What is the most common cause of ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Cardiogenic embolism

Answer

Arteriovenous malformation

Question 2

Which imaging modality is considered the gold standard for diagnosing acute stroke?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Question 3

What is the primary goal of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

To restore blood flow to the ischemic tissue

Answer

To prevent further clot formation

Question 4

What is the recommended target systolic blood pressure for patients with acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

120-140 mmHg

Answer

140-160 mmHg

Question 5

What is the primary mechanism of action of alteplase, a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA)?

Accepted Answer

To dissolve clots by directly activating plasminogen

Answer

To inhibit platelet aggregation

Question 6

Which type of stroke is typically characterized by an abrupt onset of intense headache and vomiting?

Accepted Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 7

What is the most prevalent type of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke (caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain)

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke (caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain)

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA, a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain)

Question 8

Which brain region is most frequently affected by an ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Internal capsule

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Thalamus

Question 9

Which medication is commonly used in treating acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

Heparin

Answer

Warfarin

Question 10

What is the primary aim of stroke rehabilitation?

Accepted Answer

Regaining independence and function

Answer

Reducing pain and discomfort

Answer

Preventing future strokes

Answer

Enhancing cognitive abilities

Question 11

The most common cause of ischemic stroke is:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Heart disease

Answer

Diabetes

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Sudden onset of severe headache

Answer

Slurred speech and facial weakness

Answer

Numbness or weakness on one side of the body

Answer

Difficulty swallowing

Question 13

The primary diagnostic tool for stroke is:

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 14

The main goal of stroke rehabilitation is to:

Accepted Answer

Restore lost function and improve independence

Answer

Reduce pain and prevent further damage

Answer

Manage complications and provide emotional support

Question 15

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) recommends that individuals seek medical attention for stroke symptoms within:

Accepted Answer

3 hours

Answer

1 hour

Answer

6 hours

Answer

12 hours

Question 16

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Age

Answer

Family history

Answer

Race

Question 17

The acronym FAST stands for:

Accepted Answer

Face, Arm, Speech, Time

Answer

First aid, Assessment, Stabilization, Treatment

Question 18

Which of the following is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Cardioembolism

Question 19

In diagnosing stroke, which imaging technique is typically used first?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Carotid ultrasound

Question 20

Among the listed stroke types, which requires immediate surgical intervention?

Accepted Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer

Lacunar stroke

Answer

Large vessel stroke

Answer

Posterior circulation stroke

Question 21

What is the primary objective of thrombolytic therapy in treating stroke?

Accepted Answer

Dissolving blood clots to restore blood flow to the brain

Answer

Reducing inflammation and edema

Answer

Improving cerebral oxygenation

Answer

Preventing further neurological damage

Question 22

Regarding the prognosis of stroke patients:

Accepted Answer

The prognosis varies significantly depending on the stroke's severity and location

Answer

The prognosis is invariably poor

Answer

The prognosis is generally excellent

Answer

Prompt treatment typically leads to a good prognosis

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a well-established risk factor for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's dementia

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Obesity

Question 24

What is the most prevalent type of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 25

Which intervention is considered the first-line treatment for acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous thrombolysis (tPA)

Answer

Antiplatelet therapy

Answer

Statin therapy

Answer

Carotid endarterectomy

Question 26

Among the different types of stroke, which one is most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Lacunar stroke

Question 27

In the context of ischemic stroke, what is the most common cause of arterial blockage?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Cardioembolism

Answer

Vasculitis

Answer

Arterial dissection

Question 28

Which type of stroke occurs most frequently?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 29

Which type of stroke occurs most frequently?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Cryptogenic stroke

Question 30

Which type of stroke occurs most frequently?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Brain aneurysm

Question 31

What is the most prevalent type of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 32

Which of the following is a characteristic of ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Sudden onset of symptoms

Answer

Dizziness

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Severe headache

Question 33

Which imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 34

What is the primary goal of stroke rehabilitation?

Accepted Answer

Improving function and independence

Answer

Preventing further damage

Answer

Managing emotions

Answer

Reducing pain

Question 35

Which medication is used to treat acute ischemic stroke?

Accepted Answer

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer

Warfarin

Answer

Statins

Answer

Aspirin

Question 36

What is the term used to describe the process of dissolving a blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Thrombolysis

Answer

Anticoagulation

Answer

Embolectomy

Answer

Aspiration

Question 37

Which is the most prevalent type of stroke?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 38

Ischemic strokes are primarily caused by:

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Vasospasm

Answer

Blood clots

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for stroke?

Accepted Answer

Exercise

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Question 40

For suspected stroke, the initial diagnostic imaging of choice is:

Accepted Answer

CT scan

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

MRI

Answer

Doppler ultrasound

Question 41

The primary treatment for acute ischemic stroke is:

Accepted Answer

Thrombolysis

Answer

Antiplatelet therapy

Answer

Carotid endarterectomy

Answer

Intravenous fluids

Question 42

The primary goal of rehabilitation following a stroke is to:

Accepted Answer

Maximize functional recovery

Answer

Reduce pain

Answer

Prevent recurrence

Answer

Improve cognitive abilities

Question 43

Which imaging modality visualizes collateral circulation in stroke?

Accepted Answer

Perfusion-weighted MRI

Answer

Transcranial Doppler

Answer

Doppler ultrasound

Answer

CT angiography

Question 44

The primary therapeutic goal of endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke:

Accepted Answer

Blood clot removal

Answer

Prevention of reperfusion injury

Answer

Improvement of collateral flow

Question 45

Which of the following is the most common type of stroke, accounting for approximately 87% of all stroke cases?

Accepted Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 46

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for stroke, contributing to over 60% of cases?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Diabetes

Question 47

Which of the following is a common symptom of stroke, reflecting a sudden loss of neurological function?

Accepted Answer

Sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, often on one side of the body

Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Shortness of breath

Question 48

Which of the following is a treatment option for ischemic stroke, aiming to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Thrombolytic therapy

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 49

Which of the following is a type of hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by bleeding within the brain tissue?

Accepted Answer

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer

Ischemic stroke

Answer

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 50

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke, significantly increasing the likelihood of its occurrence?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Obesity

Question 51

Which of the following is a common symptom of hemorrhagic stroke, often indicating a sudden and severe event?

Accepted Answer

Sudden headache, often described as the 'worst headache of my life'

Answer

Abdominal pain

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Question 52

Which of the following is a treatment option for hemorrhagic stroke, aiming to remove the blood clot or repair the damaged blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Thrombolytic therapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 53

Which of the following is a potential complication of hemorrhagic stroke, representing a severe and life-threatening condition?

Accepted Answer

Coma

Answer

Heart attack

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Kidney failure