Neurons and Neuroglia: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a component of the neuron's cell body (also known as the soma)?

Accepted Answer

Axon hillock

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Cytoplasm

Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 2

What is the primary function of neuroglia (also known as glial cells)?

Accepted Answer

Supporting, protecting, and nourishing neurons

Answer

Conducting electrical signals

Answer

Producing hormones

Answer

Fighting infections

Question 3

Which type of neuroglia is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Ependymal cells

Question 4

What is the name of the axon's terminal branch, which forms connections with other neurons at synapses?

Accepted Answer

Telodendron

Answer

Dendrite

Answer

Soma

Answer

Axon hillock

Question 5

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neurons at the synapse to communicate with postsynaptic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Glucose

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Protein

Question 6

What is the main function of the myelin sheath that surrounds some axons?

Accepted Answer

Insulating the axon to speed up electrical signaling

Answer

Transporting nutrients to the neuron

Answer

Producing new neurons

Answer

Protecting the neuron from damage

Question 7

Which type of neuroglia is the most abundant in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Microglia

Question 8

What is the primary role of potassium channels in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Restoring the neuron to its resting state (repolarization)

Answer

Initiating action potentials

Answer

Allowing calcium ions to enter the neuron

Answer

Releasing neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles

Question 9

Which of the following is a type of neuron classified based on its function?

Accepted Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Answer

Astrocyte

Answer

Microglia

Question 10

What is the name of the neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to tremors and impaired movement?

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a component of the neuronal cell body?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheath

Answer

Nucleus

Answer

Nissl bodies

Answer

Neurofibrils

Question 12

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

Answer

Provide nutritional support to neurons

Answer

Protect the CNS from infection

Answer

Secrete neurotransmitters

Question 13

Which type of neuroglia is found exclusively in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Microglia

Question 14

What is the main neurotransmitter released by neurons at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

GABA

Question 15

What is the functional role of neurofilaments?

Accepted Answer

Provide structural support to axons

Answer

Enable axonal transport

Answer

Maintain neuronal polarity

Answer

Regulate neurotransmitter release

Question 16

Which type of neuron is specialized to receive sensory stimuli from the environment?

Accepted Answer

Primary sensory neurons

Answer

Motor neurons

Answer

Interneurons

Answer

Glial cells

Question 17

What is the primary function of microglia?

Accepted Answer

Defend the CNS from infection

Answer

Maintain homeostasis in the CNS

Answer

Promote neuronal regeneration

Answer

Secrete growth factors

Question 18

What is the primary function of the synapse?

Accepted Answer

To transmit chemical signals between neurons

Answer

To transmit electrical signals between neurons

Answer

To provide structural support to neurons

Answer

To regulate neuronal metabolism

Question 19

What is a defining characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases?

Accepted Answer

Progressive neuronal loss

Answer

Increased neuronal activity

Answer

Enhanced synaptic plasticity

Question 20

Explain the role of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmitter release, including their formation, filling, and exocytosis.

Accepted Answer

Synaptic vesicles are formed in the Golgi apparatus, filled with neurotransmitters, and release neurotransmitters by exocytosis.

Answer

Synaptic vesicles are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, filled with enzymes, and release enzymes by endocytosis.

Answer

Synaptic vesicles are formed in the nucleus, filled with DNA, and release DNA by exocytosis.

Answer

Synaptic vesicles are formed in the mitochondria, filled with ATP, and release ATP by exocytosis.

Question 21

Which part of the neuron receives stimuli and conducts it towards the cell body?

Accepted Answer

Dendrites

Answer

Axon hillock

Answer

Axon

Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 22

What is the primary function of the oligodendrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Myelination of axons in the central nervous system

Answer

Nutrient transport

Answer

Phagocytosis of waste products

Answer

Secretion of neurotransmitters

Question 23

Which of the following is a characteristic of Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

Form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system

Answer

Found in the central nervous system

Answer

Are phagocytic cells

Answer

Secrete neurotransmitters

Question 24

What is the role of the axonal transport system?

Accepted Answer

Transport nutrients and organelles along the axon

Answer

Transport neurotransmitters from synapses to the cell body

Answer

Provide structural support to the axon

Answer

Conduct electrical signals

Question 25

Which of the following is the main neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 26

What is the term for the space between two adjacent neurons where neurotransmitter release occurs?

Accepted Answer

Synaptic cleft

Answer

Axon terminal

Answer

Dendritic spine

Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 27

Which of the following is a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons?

Accepted Answer

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 28

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood

Answer

Allows nutrients to enter the brain easily

Answer

Regulates the flow of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer

Produces neurotransmitters

Question 29

Which classification of neuron is responsible for transmitting sensory information?

Accepted Answer

Sensory neuron

Answer

Motor neuron

Answer

Interneuron

Answer

Efferent neuron

Question 30

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the production of new neurons (neurogenesis)?

Accepted Answer

Neurotrophic factors

Answer

Genetic factors

Answer

Environmental factors

Answer

Hormonal factors

Question 31

Identify the critical roles of neuroglia in the development and maintenance of the nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Promoting neurogenesis and synaptogenesis

Accepted Answer

Regulating the blood-brain barrier

Accepted Answer

Clearing cellular debris

Answer

Transmitting electrical signals

Question 32

Which of the following is the fundamental functional unit of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Neuron

Answer

Neuroglia

Answer

Neurotransmitter

Answer

Synapse

Question 33

In the central nervous system, which neuroglia type generates the myelin sheath around neurons?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Microglia

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

Accepted Answer

Generating action potentials

Answer

Providing structural support

Answer

Regulating nutrient supply

Answer

Mediating immune responses

Question 35

What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Initiating action potentials

Answer

Receiving signals from other neurons

Answer

Releasing neurotransmitters

Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 36

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 37

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances

Answer

Facilitating the entry of immune cells into the brain

Answer

Regulating the flow of nutrients into the brain

Answer

Producing cerebrospinal fluid

Question 38

Which of the following techniques is commonly used to visualize the detailed morphology of neurons?

Accepted Answer

Golgi staining

Answer

Electroencephalography

Answer

Patch-clamp recording

Answer

Immunohistochemistry

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT found in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Astrocytes

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Microglia

Question 40

What is the primary role of myelin sheaths in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Protection and insulation

Answer

Signal transmission

Answer

Nutrient transport

Answer

Synaptic regulation

Question 41

Which part of a neuron contains the essential organelles and the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Cell body (soma)

Answer

Axon

Answer

Dendrite

Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 42

What neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for communication at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 43

Which neuron structure receives signals from other neurons?

Accepted Answer

Dendrite

Answer

Axon

Answer

Soma

Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 44

What is the term for the junction between two adjacent neurons?

Accepted Answer

Synapse

Answer

Dendrite

Answer

Axon

Answer

Node of Ranvier

Question 45

Which characteristic is unique to astrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Star-shaped morphology

Answer

Myelinating ability

Answer

Phagocytic function

Answer

Electrical excitability

Question 46

How do Schwann cells contribute to efficient neural communication?

Accepted Answer

Insulating axons with myelin

Answer

Releasing neurotransmitters

Answer

Removing waste products

Answer

Generating electrical impulses

Question 47

Which disease is characterized by demyelination in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 48

What is the process called when damaged axons attempt to regenerate?

Accepted Answer

Axonal sprouting

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Synaptogenesis

Answer

Myelination

Question 49

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily involved in feelings of pleasure and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic

Answer

Serotonergic

Answer

GABAergic

Answer

Glutamatergic

Question 50

What is the primary responsibility of neuroglia?

Accepted Answer

Support, protection, and nourishment

Answer

Hormone secretion

Answer

Neural transmission

Question 51

Which type of neuroglia is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Microglia

Answer

Astrocytes

Question 52

Which cell structure, found within neuron cell bodies, is composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Nissl bodies

Answer

Synaptic terminals

Answer

Neurofibrils

Answer

Axon hillock

Question 53

What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Initiation of action potentials

Answer

Neurotransmitter release

Answer

Axon myelination

Answer

Synapse formation

Question 54

Which of the following classification systems describes the number of processes extending from the neuron's cell body?

Accepted Answer

Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

Answer

Central, peripheral, and autonomic

Answer

Efferent, afferent, and mixed

Answer

Sensory, motor, and interneuron

Question 55

What is the key function of a synapse in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Intercellular communication

Answer

Hormone secretion

Answer

Neurotransmitter release

Answer

Cell division

Question 56

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the body's 'fight-or-flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 57

The blood-brain barrier serves to:

Accepted Answer

Control the entry of substances into the brain

Answer

Regulate blood pressure within the brain

Answer

Increase the brain's permeability to nutrients

Answer

Facilitate waste removal from the brain

Question 58

Which of the following cell types forms the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cells

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Microglia

Answer

Astrocytes

Question 59

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium ion pumps

Answer

Ligand-gated ion channels

Answer

G-protein coupled receptors

Answer

Voltage-gated ion channels