Common Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Question 1

Which of the following is the primary underlying cause of angina pectoris?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Cardiac arrhythmias

Answer

Heart valve disease

Question 2

Which type of myocardial infarction (MI) results from the occlusion of the left anterior descending artery?

Accepted Answer

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Answer

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

Answer

Non-obstructive myocardial infarction

Answer

Inferior myocardial infarction

Question 3

Which microorganism is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer

Enterococcus faecalis

Question 4

Which histological finding is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the interventricular septum

Answer

Myocardial disarray

Answer

Dilated left ventricle

Answer

Thrombus formation

Question 5

What is the key histological finding in Marfan syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Elastic fiber fragmentation

Answer

Swollen collagen fibers

Answer

Myocardial fibrosis

Answer

Cellular hypertrophy

Question 6

Which histological feature is characteristic of myocardial infarction (MI)?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation necrosis of myocytes

Answer

Fatty infiltration of myocardium

Answer

Hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes

Answer

Inflammation and fibrosis

Question 7

What is the most common type of cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Question 8

Which of the following histological stains is commonly used to visualize collagen fibers in cardiac tissue?

Accepted Answer

Masson's trichrome

Answer

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

Answer

PAS stain

Answer

Congo red stain

Question 9

What is the typical histological appearance of atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery?

Accepted Answer

Central core of lipid-laden macrophages surrounded by a fibrous cap

Answer

Uniformly distributed smooth muscle cells throughout the plaque

Answer

Predominant accumulation of calcium deposits

Answer

Absence of inflammatory cells

Question 10

What type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and myocyte disarray?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Question 11

Which of the following is a common histological finding in rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Aschoff-Rokitansky bodies

Answer

Giant cell myocarditis

Answer

Amyloid deposition

Answer

Sarcoidosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

Smoking

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Diabetes

Question 13

Which of the following is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Advanced age

Answer

Male sex

Answer

Family history

Question 14

Which of the following is a typical symptom of angina pectoris?

Accepted Answer

Crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm

Answer

Progressive shortness of breath

Answer

Sudden collapse

Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Question 15

Which of the following diagnostic tests provides real-time images of the heart and its structures?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Stress test

Question 16

Which of the following surgical procedures involves bypassing a blocked coronary artery with a graft from another blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Answer

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Answer

Heart transplant

Answer

Valve replacement

Question 17

Which of the following cell types forms the contractile tissue of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Cardiomyocytes

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Fibroblasts

Answer

Purkinje fibers

Question 18

Which of the following layers of the heart wall contains blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Epicardium

Answer

Myocardium

Answer

Endocardium

Answer

Pericardium

Question 19

Which of the following valves prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Mitral valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Question 20

Explain the specific role of PCSK9 in the development of familial hypercholesterolemia, and discuss its potential significance for treatment strategies.

Accepted Answer

PCSK9 binds to the LDL receptor (LDLR) and promotes its breakdown, leading to reduced removal of LDL particles from the bloodstream and elevated LDL levels.

Answer

PCSK9 blocks the production of LDLR, resulting in fewer functional LDL receptors and impaired LDL clearance.

Answer

PCSK9 enhances the activity of LDLR, facilitating increased removal of LDL particles from the bloodstream and resulting in reduced LDL levels.

Answer

PCSK9 has no significant role in the development of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Question 21

What is the primary cause of rheumatic heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial infection (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Answer

Viral infection

Answer

Fungal infection

Answer

Parasitic infection

Question 22

What is the principal function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Accepted Answer

To initiate electrical impulses that trigger heart contractions

Answer

To regulate heart rate and rhythm

Answer

To transmit electrical impulses to the ventricles

Answer

To prevent arrhythmias

Question 23

How do a myocardial infarction and a heart attack differ?

Accepted Answer

A myocardial infarction is a type of heart attack

Answer

A heart attack is a type of myocardial infarction

Answer

They are different conditions

Answer

There is no difference

Question 24

What is the most prevalent cause of sudden cardiac death?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular fibrillation

Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Answer

Aortic dissection

Answer

Myocardial rupture

Question 25

What is the main purpose of using anticoagulant medications in treating cardiovascular diseases?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the formation of blood clots

Answer

To reduce inflammation

Answer

To dilate blood vessels

Answer

To lower blood pressure

Question 26

Which of the following is a type of arrhythmia where the heart rate is abnormally fast?

Accepted Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Fibrillation

Answer

Extrasystole

Question 27

In the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, what is the critical role of histopathology?

Accepted Answer

Examining tissue samples to detect changes in cellular structure

Answer

Measuring blood pressure and heart rate

Answer

Assessing electrical activity of the heart

Answer

Identifying genetic markers

Question 28

Which diagnostic technique is commonly used to visualize the coronary arteries and assess for blockages?

Accepted Answer

Coronary angiography

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Echocardiography

Answer

Stress test

Question 29

What is the primary goal of implementing lifestyle modifications in managing cardiovascular diseases?

Accepted Answer

To reduce risk factors

Answer

To treat symptoms

Answer

To cure the disease

Answer

To prevent complications

Question 30

What is the most common congenital heart defect found in newborns?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 31

Which surgical procedure involves replacing a diseased or damaged heart valve with an artificial one?

Accepted Answer

Valve replacement

Answer

Mitral valve repair

Answer

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Answer

Aortic valve repair

Question 32

In the clinical presentation of acute coronary syndrome, which symptom is most characteristic?

Accepted Answer

Sudden onset of severe, crushing chest pain

Answer

Progressive shortness of breath and fatigue

Answer

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Question 33

Describe the histological characteristics of cardiac amyloidosis, focusing on the impact of different amyloid deposition types on cardiac structure and function.

Accepted Answer

Amyloid fibril deposition in the cardiac interstitium, leading to fibrosis and impaired myocardial function.

Accepted Answer

Replacement of cardiomyocytes with amyloid fibrils, resulting in decreased contractility and diminished cardiac output.

Answer

Amyloid deposition primarily affects the endocardium, causing valvular dysfunction and regurgitation.

Answer

Amyloid deposition is limited to the perivascular spaces, with minimal impact on cardiac structure and function.

Question 34

Which of the following is a major modifiable risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Gender

Answer

Family history

Answer

Age

Question 35

Which of the following is a classic symptom of angina pectoris?

Accepted Answer

Chest pain or discomfort

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Fatigue

Question 36

Which of the following is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Answer

Congenital heart defect

Answer

Infection

Question 37

Diuretics are commonly used in the treatment of which cardiovascular condition?

Accepted Answer

Congestive heart failure

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Arrhythmia

Question 38

Which of the following is a type of irregular heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Asthma

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 39

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for developing hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Answer

Age

Answer

Race

Answer

Family history

Question 40

Which of the following is a symptom of peripheral artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Claudication

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Chest pain

Question 41

What is the primary treatment option for severe valvular heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Lifestyle changes

Answer

Medication

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a congenital heart defect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Arthritis

Answer

Cancer

Answer

Stroke

Question 43

Which of the following is a recommended preventive measure for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy weight

Answer

Smoking

Answer

Excessive alcohol intake

Answer

Lack of physical activity

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Accepted Answer

Short stature

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Smoking

Answer

High cholesterol

Question 45

Which of the following is the primary cause of acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture

Answer

Infective endocarditis

Answer

Vasospasm

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 46

Which of the following symptoms is NOT characteristic of congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Chest pain

Answer

Dyspnea

Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Edema

Question 47

Which of the following interventions is the definitive treatment for severe aortic stenosis?

Accepted Answer

Aortic valve replacement

Answer

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Answer

Lifestyle changes

Answer

Medication

Question 48

Which of the following conditions involves inflammation of the myocardium?

Accepted Answer

Myocarditis

Answer

Valvular heart disease

Answer

Ischemic heart disease

Answer

Congenital heart disease

Question 49

Which of the following blood tests is commonly used to screen for dyslipidemia?

Accepted Answer

Lipid panel

Answer

Complete blood count

Answer

Urinalysis

Answer

Electrolytes

Question 50

Which of the following lifestyle modifications is recommended to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Excessive alcohol intake

Answer

Smoking

Question 51

Which of the following drug classes is used to treat hypertension?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Chemotherapy drugs

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Antibiotics

Question 52

Which of the following surgical procedures is used to restore blood flow to a blocked coronary artery?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery bypass grafting

Answer

Pacemaker implantation

Answer

Heart transplant

Answer

Valvuloplasty