Mendelian Genetics: Master the Basics of Inheritance

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Answer

Segregation of alleles

Answer

Independent assortment of alleles

Answer

Dominance

Question 2

Which of the following describes a heterozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

Possesses two different alleles for a gene

Answer

Possesses two identical alleles for a gene

Answer

Possesses three or more alleles for a gene

Answer

Lacks alleles for a specific gene

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dominant alleles?

Accepted Answer

Always inherited from both parents

Answer

Expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals

Answer

Represented by uppercase letters

Answer

Mask the expression of recessive alleles

Question 4

In a Punnett square, which of the following represents the possible genotypes of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

Probability of each genotype

Answer

Parent's genotypes

Answer

Offspring's phenotypes

Answer

Number of homozygous individuals

Question 5

What is the term for the physical expression of a gene?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Allele

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Mutation

Question 6

Which of the following processes ensures that gametes contain only one allele for each gene?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Fertilization

Answer

Gene expression

Question 7

What is the probability of a homozygous recessive individual producing offspring with the dominant phenotype?

Accepted Answer

0%

Answer

25%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 8

Which of the following terms refers to the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Mendelian genetics

Answer

Genomics

Answer

Biotechnology

Question 9

What is the purpose of a testcross?

Accepted Answer

To determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype

Answer

To identify the alleles present in a heterozygous individual

Answer

To predict the probability of inheriting a specific trait

Answer

To create new genetic combinations

Question 10

Which concept is NOT a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Blending of traits in offspring

Answer

Segregation of alleles during gamete formation

Answer

Independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation

Answer

Dominance and recessiveness of alleles

Question 11

In a heterozygous individual, which allele is expressed in the phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Dominant

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Codominant

Answer

Incomplete dominant

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Law of intermediate inheritance

Answer

Law of segregation

Answer

Law of independent assortment

Answer

Law of dominance

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual?

Accepted Answer

Not expressed in the phenotype

Answer

Expressed in the phenotype

Answer

Always lethal

Answer

Always beneficial

Question 14

What is the distinction between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype refers to observable traits, while genotype refers to genetic makeup.

Answer

Genotype refers to observable traits, while phenotype refers to genetic makeup.

Answer

They are synonymous terms.

Answer

Genotype refers to the environment, while phenotype refers to genetic makeup.

Question 15

Which of the following disorders is an example of a monogenic disorder?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Cancer

Answer

Diabetes

Question 16

What is the primary purpose of using a Punnett square?

Accepted Answer

To predict the probability of offspring genotypes and phenotypes

Answer

To determine the genetic makeup of a parent

Answer

To calculate the heritability of a trait

Answer

To identify the dominant allele in a population

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a recognized Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial inheritance

Answer

Autosomal dominant

Answer

Autosomal recessive

Answer

X-linked dominant

Question 18

During meiosis, what process leads to the separation of homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Segregation

Answer

Independent assortment

Answer

Crossover

Answer

Genetic recombination

Question 19

In medical practice, what are the key ethical considerations when using Mendelian genetics for diagnosis and treatment?

Accepted Answer

Getting informed consent, protecting genetic privacy, and ensuring fair access to genetic testing.

Answer

Prioritizing genetic testing for people with clear genetic conditions.

Answer

Using genetic data to predict disease risk without thinking about how it might affect people's mental health.

Answer

Mendelian genetics has no ethical implications in medical practice.

Question 20

Mendelian genetics has practical applications in various fields. Which of the following is an accurate example of its application?

Accepted Answer

Predicting the probability of inheriting a specific genetic trait in humans

Accepted Answer

Developing new plant varieties with enhanced characteristics

Answer

Explaining the mechanisms of evolution leading to the formation of new species

Answer

Treating genetic disorders by directly manipulating the affected genes

Question 21

How can environmental factors influence the expression of a gene without changing its underlying sequence?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing the genotype.

Answer

Environmental factors can cause mutations that alter gene function.

Answer

Environmental factors have no influence on the expression of genetic traits.

Question 22

In a heterozygous individual, which allele will predominantly determine the phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Only the dominant allele

Answer

Both alleles equally

Answer

Only the recessive allele

Answer

Neither allele

Question 23

What is the term for an individual who possesses a recessive allele for a trait but does not exhibit the associated phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Carrier

Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Question 24

What is the term for a genetic disorder resulting from mutations within a single gene?

Accepted Answer

Monogenic disorder

Answer

Polygenic disorder

Answer

Multifactorial disorder

Answer

Mitochondrial disorder

Question 25

Which of the following is not a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Answer

Dominance

Answer

Recessiveness

Answer

Segregation

Question 26

An individual that carries two different alleles for a particular gene is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Answer

Codominant

Question 27

A cross between two heterozygous individuals for a single gene will result in offspring with what proportion of homozygous recessive genotype?

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

0%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Question 28

Which of the following traits is an example of a dominant trait?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Answer

Blue eyes

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 29

Which of the following best describes the law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles segregate during meiosis.

Answer

Alleles segregate during mitosis.

Answer

Alleles segregate during fertilization.

Answer

Alleles segregate during DNA replication.

Question 30

Which characteristic is not a feature of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic inheritance

Answer

Discrete units of inheritance (genes)

Answer

Independent assortment of alleles

Answer

Phenotypic variation

Question 31

Which term refers to the observable characteristics of an individual?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Allele

Answer

Genomic sequence

Question 32

How can genetic linkage be used to create genetic maps?

Accepted Answer

By analyzing the inheritance patterns of linked genes, we can determine their order and distance, allowing us to construct genetic maps.

Answer

Recombination frequency alone is not enough to create genetic maps.

Answer

Molecular markers are not sufficient for constructing genetic maps.

Answer

Pedigree analysis, often used in studying inherited diseases, is not the primary method for constructing genetic maps.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a mutation that alters the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic change

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Insertion

Question 34

How do genetic and environmental factors contribute to the determination and variation of quantitative traits, such as height or weight?

Accepted Answer

Quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation due to the combined effects of multiple genetic loci and environmental factors.

Answer

Quantitative traits are exclusively determined by environmental factors.

Answer

Quantitative traits are solely determined by a single gene with two alleles.

Answer

Environmental factors can influence the expression of quantitative traits, but not their inheritance.

Question 35

Which genotype represents an individual heterozygous for a dominant allele?

Accepted Answer

Aa

Answer

aA

Answer

AA

Answer

aa

Question 36

The separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as:

Accepted Answer

Segregation

Answer

Assortment

Answer

Linkage

Answer

Recombination

Question 37

A gene is located at a specific position on a chromosome called a:

Accepted Answer

Locus

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Allele

Question 38

A cross between two double heterozygous individuals is known as a:

Accepted Answer

Dihybrid cross

Answer

Monohybrid cross

Answer

Backcross

Answer

Test cross

Question 39

Which of the following statements about Mendel's law of independent assortment is true?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes segregate independently during meiosis.

Answer

Alleles of the same gene segregate independently during meiosis.

Answer

The genotype of an offspring is directly determined by the genotype of the parents.

Question 40

A heterozygous individual for a given gene has:

Accepted Answer

One dominant and one recessive allele

Answer

Two recessive alleles

Answer

Two dominant alleles

Answer

No alleles

Question 41

A monohybrid cross involves the crossing of two individuals that differ in:

Accepted Answer

One gene

Answer

Two genes

Answer

Three genes

Answer

Multiple genes

Question 42

The Punnett square is a tool used to:

Accepted Answer

Predict the probability of offspring genotypes

Answer

Visualize gene flow in a population

Answer

Determine the genotype of an individual

Answer

Measure linkage between genes

Question 43

Incomplete dominance occurs when:

Accepted Answer

Neither allele is completely dominant

Answer

Both alleles are recessive

Answer

Both alleles are dominant

Answer

One allele is dominant and the other is recessive

Question 44

A gene that is located on the X chromosome is called:

Accepted Answer

X-linked

Answer

Y-linked

Answer

Autosomal

Answer

Mitochondrial

Question 45

The study of genetic variation within a population is known as:

Accepted Answer

Population genetics

Answer

Behavioral genetics

Answer

Molecular genetics

Answer

Cytogenetics

Question 46

Which of the following is a potential benefit of genetic counseling?

Accepted Answer

Providing information about genetic risks and options

Answer

Curing genetic diseases

Answer

Guaranteeing a healthy child

Question 47

An individual who exhibits a dominant trait, but carries a recessive allele for the trait is known as:

Accepted Answer

Heterozygous

Answer

Homozygous recessive

Answer

Homozygous dominant

Answer

Double heterozygous

Question 48

In a monohybrid cross, the likelihood of obtaining an offspring with a recessive phenotype is:

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

100%

Answer

50%

Answer

75%

Question 49

Which Mendelian principle describes the independent assortment of alleles for different genes during gamete formation?

Accepted Answer

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer

Law of Segregation

Answer

Law of Dominance

Answer

Law of Probability

Question 50

Which of the listed genetic disorders is an example of an autosomal dominant trait?

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 51

The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Allele

Answer

Karyotype

Question 52

Which type of mutation involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Insertion

Answer

Inversion

Answer

Substitution

Answer

Deletion

Question 53

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis is known as:

Accepted Answer

Crossing-over

Answer

Gene conversion

Answer

Transposition

Answer

Replication

Question 54

Which of the following traits exhibits codominance?

Accepted Answer

ABO blood type

Answer

Eye color

Answer

Hair texture

Answer

Height

Question 55

What is the probability of obtaining a homozygous recessive genotype from the offspring of two heterozygous parents?

Accepted Answer

25%

Answer

50%

Answer

100%

Answer

75%

Question 56

Which of the following characteristics is associated with a sex-linked trait?

Accepted Answer

More commonly observed in males

Answer

More frequently expressed in females

Answer

Exclusively inherited from the mother

Answer

Always dominant