Principles of Oncology: Master Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Question 1

What is a defining characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division

Answer

Typical cellular metabolism

Answer

Differentiation into specialized cells

Answer

Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 2

Uncontrolled cell proliferation and impaired DNA repair are hallmarks of which disease?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Answer

Autoimmune disorder

Answer

Neurodegenerative disease

Answer

Cardiovascular disease

Question 3

What is a defining characteristic of cancer stem cells?

Accepted Answer

High proliferation and self-renewal capacity

Answer

Exclusive presence in solid tumors

Answer

Universal resistance to chemotherapy

Answer

Easily identifiable by distinct surface markers

Question 4

Which type of ionizing radiation is commonly used in cancer therapy?

Accepted Answer

Gamma radiation

Answer

Ultraviolet radiation

Answer

Microwave radiation

Answer

Infrared radiation

Question 5

What is the primary aim of chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

To eradicate cancer cells

Answer

To prevent cancer spread

Answer

To manage cancer symptoms

Answer

To improve overall quality of life

Question 6

What term describes the process by which cancer cells spread to other body parts?

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Invasion

Answer

Angiogenesis

Answer

Differentiation

Question 7

Which type of surgical procedure is used to remove a tumor?

Accepted Answer

Lumpectomy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Targeted therapy

Question 8

What is the most commonly occurring type of skin cancer?

Accepted Answer

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer

Melanoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Merkel cell carcinoma

Question 9

Which protein is responsible for regulating cell division?

Accepted Answer

Cyclin-dependent kinase

Answer

Ribonucleic acid

Answer

Histone

Answer

Myosin

Question 10

Which is not a recognized method of cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Hormone therapy

Question 11

The preferred first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Targeted therapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Question 12

The most common site of metastasis from breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Bone

Answer

Lung

Answer

Liver

Answer

Brain

Question 13

The staging system most commonly used for breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

TNM staging system

Answer

FIGO staging system

Answer

Ann Arbor staging system

Answer

Dukes staging system

Question 14

The goal of neoadjuvant therapy in cancer treatment is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce tumor size before surgery

Answer

Prevent metastasis

Answer

Increase the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy

Answer

Improve overall survival

Question 15

The most common type of cancer worldwide is:

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Breast cancer

Answer

Colorectal cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer

Question 16

Choose the most common cause of cancer worldwide:

Accepted Answer

Tobacco use

Answer

Viral infections

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Answer

Obesity

Question 17

Which principle is central to cancer screening?

Accepted Answer

Early detection for improved treatment outcomes

Answer

Relying solely on patient-reported symptoms for detection

Answer

Screening for all types of cancer in all individuals

Answer

Using invasive diagnostic tests as the primary screening method

Question 18

Which characteristic describes monoclonal antibodies used in cancer immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Binding to specific antigens on cancer cells

Answer

Inhibiting tumor cell proliferation

Answer

Stimulating cytotoxic T cell production

Answer

Blocking new blood vessel growth in tumors

Question 19

Consider the key consideration in managing patients with metastatic cancer:

Accepted Answer

Palliative care to enhance quality of life

Answer

Withholding treatment until the patient's condition deteriorates

Answer

Aggressive treatment to achieve a cure

Answer

Focusing solely on prolonging survival

Question 20

Which area represents an emerging field of research in treating cancer?

Accepted Answer

Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9

Answer

Proven surgical procedures

Answer

Standard radiation therapy techniques

Answer

Traditional chemotherapy drugs

Question 21

Identify the key role of interdisciplinary teams in cancer care:

Accepted Answer

Providing comprehensive and coordinated care to patients

Answer

Making treatment decisions without patient input

Answer

Duplicating services and tests performed by various healthcare professionals

Question 22

What defining characteristic distinguishes cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division

Answer

Cell specialization

Answer

Programmed cell death

Answer

Inhibition of cell growth by contact

Question 23

Identify the characteristics of cancer cells:

Accepted Answer

Rapid proliferation

Accepted Answer

Loss of contact inhibition

Accepted Answer

Invasion and metastasis

Answer

Differentiation

Question 24

Which of the following is **not** a characteristic feature of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Evasion of cell death

Answer

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

Answer

Limitless replicative potential

Question 25

The primary mechanism of action for many chemotherapeutic agents is:

Accepted Answer

Interfering with DNA synthesis or repair

Answer

Stimulating the immune response

Answer

Inhibiting protein synthesis

Question 26

Which of the following is a type of radiation therapy that utilizes high-energy protons?

Accepted Answer

Proton beam therapy

Answer

External beam radiation therapy

Answer

Stereotactic radiosurgery

Answer

Brachytherapy

Question 27

A common symptom of metastatic bone disease is:

Accepted Answer

Bone pain

Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Headache

Question 28

The primary objective of palliative care in oncology is to:

Accepted Answer

Enhance the patient's quality of life

Answer

Achieve a cure for cancer

Answer

Prevent metastasis

Question 29

Which of the following is not considered a type of cancer stem cell?

Accepted Answer

Differentiated cancer stem cell

Answer

Embryonic cancer stem cell

Answer

Induced cancer stem cell

Answer

Tumor-initiating cancer stem cell

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell differentiation

Answer

Insensitivity to apoptotic signals

Answer

Sustained proliferative signaling

Answer

Evasion of growth suppressors

Question 31

Which type of mutation is commonly associated with the development of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Driver mutations

Answer

Synonymous mutations

Answer

Silent mutations

Answer

Passenger mutations

Question 32

Which imaging technique is most commonly used to initially diagnose and stage solid tumors?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Biopsy

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 33

What is a key principle of chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Targeting rapidly dividing cells

Answer

Promoting apoptosis

Answer

Inducing cell cycle arrest

Answer

Enhancing immune response

Question 34

Radiation therapy exerts its cytotoxic effects primarily through:

Accepted Answer

DNA damage

Answer

Protein denaturation

Answer

Membrane disruption

Answer

Lipid peroxidation

Question 35

Which surgical technique is commonly employed to remove lymph nodes involved in cancer metastasis?

Accepted Answer

Lymphadenectomy

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Colectomy

Answer

Mastectomy

Question 36

The most common type of immunotherapy used in cancer treatment targets which molecule?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)

Answer

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

Answer

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)

Answer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

Question 37

Which of the following is a major objective of palliative care in oncology?

Accepted Answer

Improving quality of life

Answer

Extending life expectancy

Answer

Curing the disease

Answer

Preventing cancer recurrence

Question 38

Which of the following is currently the most common type of cancer worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Breast cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer

Answer

Colorectal cancer

Question 39

Which of the following imaging techniques is a standard for early cancer screening?

Accepted Answer

Mammography

Answer

Biopsy

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Physical examination

Question 40

Which of the following cancer treatments involves the systemic use of drugs to destroy癌细胞?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Hormone therapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 41

Which type of tumor is characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability to spread?

Accepted Answer

Malignant

Answer

Metastatic

Answer

Primary

Answer

Benign

Question 42

Which of the following is a type of supportive care provided to improve the quality of life of cancer patients?

Accepted Answer

Palliative care

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Surgery

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 43

Which therapeutic advancement has greatly improved survival rates for certain types of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Targeted therapy

Answer

Gene editing techniques

Answer

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems

Answer

Stem cell transplantation

Question 44

Which of the following habits is recommended for cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

Avoiding tobacco smoking

Answer

Consuming a diet high in saturated fats

Answer

Drinking alcohol in moderation

Answer

Limiting regular physical activity

Question 45

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells that enables their uncontrolled growth?

Accepted Answer

Sustained proliferative signaling

Answer

Senescence and programmed cell death

Answer

Contact inhibition

Answer

Differentiation into specialized cells

Question 46

The primary cause of aneuploidy, a chromosomal abnormality common in cancer cells, is:

Accepted Answer

Errors during cell division

Answer

DNA damage due to radiation

Answer

Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes

Answer

Viral infection

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a method commonly used in cancer diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Physical examination alone

Answer

Imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans

Answer

Biopsy, involving the examination of tissue samples under a microscope

Answer

Laboratory tests, such as blood tests and biopsies

Question 48

The primary objective of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, often administered before surgery, is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce tumor size and improve resectability

Answer

Completely eliminate all cancer cells

Answer

Enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy

Answer

Prevent metastasis, the spread of cancer to other body parts

Question 49

Targeted therapy involves the use of drugs that specifically:

Accepted Answer

Inhibit specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression

Answer

Activate the immune system to fight cancer

Answer

Damage DNA to kill cancer cells

Question 50

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection

Answer

Excessive sun exposure

Answer

Obesity

Question 51

Precision medicine in oncology refers to the approach of:

Accepted Answer

Tailoring treatments to individual patient characteristics, such as genetic makeup and tumor biology

Answer

Using only standardized treatment protocols for all patients

Answer

Focusing solely on prevention and early detection

Question 52

The most commonly diagnosed type of cancer worldwide is:

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Breast cancer

Answer

Colorectal cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer