Cognitive Neuroscience: Unraveling the Brain's Role in Cognition

Question 1

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter systems play key roles in reward and motivation, and how can disruptions in these systems contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine: reward; Serotonin: mood and motivation

Answer

Norepinephrine: attention; Acetylcholine: memory

Answer

GABA: inhibition; Glutamate: excitation

Question 3

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the pulvinar nucleus in visual attention?

Accepted Answer

It allocates attention to specific locations in the visual field.

Answer

It receives input from the retina and processes visual information in a purely bottom-up manner.

Answer

It integrates simple features into meaningful objects.

Answer

It has no direct connection to the visual cortex and does not interact in the processing of visual information.

Question 4

Which of the following accurately describes the neural basis of creativity and its relationship to divergent thinking and problem-solving abilities?

Accepted Answer

Default mode network activity, associated with mind-wandering, is positively correlated with creativity.

Answer

Creativity originates solely from the prefrontal cortex.

Answer

Divergent thinking and problem-solving abilities rely on neural mechanisms different from creativity.

Answer

Creativity is independent of intelligence and cannot be enhanced through training or interventions.

Question 5

How can artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionize cognitive neuroscience research and deepen our understanding of the human mind?

Accepted Answer

AI can revolutionize cognitive neuroscience research by enhancing data analysis, revealing hidden patterns, and offering new theoretical frameworks for understanding the human mind.

Answer

AI's potential in cognitive neuroscience research is limited due to the brain's complexity.

Answer

AI can completely replace traditional research methods in cognitive neuroscience.

Answer

AI's primary benefit in cognitive neuroscience research is developing treatments for cognitive disorders.

Question 6

Which brain region is primarily responsible for attentional control, enabling us to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Parietal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the primary role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive functioning?

Accepted Answer

Planning, decision-making, and controlling impulses

Answer

Generating creative thoughts and ideas

Answer

Regulating emotions and social interactions

Answer

Processing sensory information from the environment

Question 8

Cognitive neuroscience studies the brain regions involved in cognitive processes like memory and thinking. Which finding below is a key insight from cognitive neuroscience?

Accepted Answer

Different cognitive functions are linked to specific brain regions.

Answer

Cognitive functions are mainly located in the frontal lobe.

Answer

Neuroimaging techniques have not helped us understand cognitive processes.

Answer

Cognitive neuroscience has not found any neural basis for cognitive processes.

Question 9

Discuss the strengths and limitations of computational models in simulating cognitive processes. Consider the ethical implications of using these models to predict human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Computational models provide precise predictions but may not fully capture the brain's complexity.

Accepted Answer

Computational models raise ethical concerns about privacy, bias, and misuse of personal data.

Answer

Computational models are inadequate for simulating cognitive processes due to their simplicity.

Answer

Computational models are limited to basic cognitive processes like attention and memory.

Question 10

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in magnetic fields?

Accepted Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 11

Which brain structure plays a central role in directing attention?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Hippocampus

Question 12

Broca's area in the brain is primarily responsible for:

Accepted Answer

Speech production

Answer

Speech comprehension

Answer

Spatial navigation

Answer

Object recognition

Question 13

Which research method involves studying cognitive changes following brain injury?

Accepted Answer

Lesion studies

Answer

Neuroimaging

Answer

Behavioral experiments

Answer

Computational modeling

Question 14

The default mode network (DMN) is active during:

Accepted Answer

Resting or daydreaming

Answer

Engaging in a demanding cognitive task

Answer

Processing sensory information

Answer

Storing memories

Question 15

Mental rotation of objects in space is a measure of:

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Practical intelligence

Answer

Emotional intelligence

Question 16

Which neuroimaging technique offers high-resolution images of brain structures and activity patterns, reaching millimeter precision?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 17

Identify the brain region that plays a crucial role in the formation of new episodic memories.

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Question 18

What is the term for the cognitive process of focusing attention on specific stimuli or events?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Working memory

Answer

Cognitive control

Answer

Metacognition

Question 19

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with modulating attention, arousal, and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Long-term storage

Answer

Limited capacity

Answer

Temporary storage

Answer

Active manipulation

Question 21

Identify the electrophysiological technique used to measure brain electrical activity with high temporal resolution.

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 22

What is the name of the phenomenon where the interpretation of an object is influenced by the surrounding context?

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing

Answer

Cognitive dissonance

Answer

Bottom-up processing

Answer

Priming

Question 23

Precisely, Which neuroimaging modality measures changes in cerebral blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 24

Primarily, the hippocampus is associated with what cognitive function?

Accepted Answer

Storing and retrieving memories

Answer

Directing attention

Answer

Interpreting sensory input

Answer

Processing and understanding language

Question 25

Which attribute is NOT a defining characteristic of working memory?

Accepted Answer

Indefinite duration

Answer

Finite capacity

Answer

Temporary storage

Answer

Active manipulation of information

Question 26

Brain activity associated with attention predominantly occurs within which frequency range?

Accepted Answer

Gamma waves

Answer

Delta waves

Answer

Theta waves

Answer

Alpha waves

Question 27

The McGurk effect exemplifies which cognitive phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Integration of information from multiple senses

Answer

Influencing subsequent responses

Answer

Effects of context on perception

Answer

Perception of non-existent contours

Question 28

How does the prefrontal cortex contribute to action planning and executive functioning?

Accepted Answer

It integrates sensory information, plans actions, and makes decisions, supporting executive functions.

Answer

It solely generates motor commands for action execution.

Answer

It stores long-term action memories for recall and repetition.

Answer

It directly controls muscle movements for precise action coordination.

Question 29

How does neurogenesis contribute to cognitive functioning and recovery after brain injury?

Accepted Answer

Neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons, is crucial for cognitive functions, brain plasticity, and recovery from brain injury.

Answer

Neurogenesis only occurs during childhood and adolescence.

Answer

Neurogenesis is not related to cognitive functions like learning and memory.

Answer

Neurogenesis only happens as a response to brain injury.

Question 30

How can cognitive neuroscience insights be used to enhance educational strategies and improve student learning?

Accepted Answer

Tailor teaching methods to individual students' cognitive strengths and learning preferences.

Answer

Eliminate rote memorization from the learning process.

Answer

Disregard the influence of cultural and socioeconomic factors on learning outcomes.

Question 31

Which technique measures the brain's electrical activity with high temporal resolution?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 32

The brain area primarily responsible for visual processing is the:

Accepted Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Frontal lobe

Question 33

Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in attention and memory processes?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Question 34

Working memory refers to the brain's capacity to:

Accepted Answer

Temporarily hold and manipulate information

Answer

Encode and store long-term memories

Answer

Control motor movements and coordination

Answer

Process sensory information and stimuli

Question 35

During resting state, the brain's default mode network (DMN) is typically more active.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Question 36

Which brain lobe is involved in functions like planning, decision-making, and inhibitory control?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Question 37

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence highlights the significance of:

Accepted Answer

Analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Answer

Verbal and non-verbal intelligence

Answer

Fluid and crystallized intelligence

Answer

Emotional and social intelligence

Question 38

Event-related potential (ERP) is a technique used to study cognitive processes by:

Accepted Answer

Measuring brain activity in response to brief stimuli

Answer

Scanning brain structures and their connectivity

Answer

Tracking eye movements and their relation to cognitive tasks

Answer

Analyzing brain metabolites and their changes over time

Question 39

Change blindness demonstrates that our attention is:

Accepted Answer

Highly selective and susceptible to distractions

Answer

Unlimited and capable of processing all stimuli simultaneously

Answer

Unaffected by task complexity and cognitive load

Answer

Highly stable and focused without limitations

Question 40

Which neuroimaging technique provides detailed images of brain anatomy, enabling the visualization of specific brain structures?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 41

Which brain region plays a central role in executive functions such as attention, planning, and decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 42

What is the term for the process by which the brain stabilizes and stores new memories over time?

Accepted Answer

Consolidation

Answer

Encoding

Answer

Retrieval

Answer

Rehearsal

Question 43

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with increased attention and arousal?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 44

What is the primary function of Wernicke's area in language comprehension?

Accepted Answer

Language comprehension

Answer

Speech production

Answer

Memory storage

Answer

Attention control

Question 45

Which type of cognitive bias involves an unrealistic belief in one's ability to control events or outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Illusion of control

Answer

Availability heuristic

Answer

Confirmation bias

Answer

Optimism bias

Question 46

What is a major limitation of fMRI as a neuroimaging technique?

Accepted Answer

Low temporal resolution

Answer

Poor spatial resolution

Answer

High cost

Answer

Invasive procedures

Question 47

What is the experimental technique used to present stimuli briefly, below the conscious awareness of participants?

Accepted Answer

Masked priming

Answer

Subliminal priming

Answer

Priming

Answer

Repetition priming

Question 48

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 49

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow in specific brain areas?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 50

Why are multiple-choice questions commonly used in assessments?

Accepted Answer

To gauge students' understanding of key concepts.

Answer

To assess students' critical thinking skills.

Answer

To determine students' personal learning styles.

Question 51

How does cognitive neuroscience research contribute to our understanding of the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying creativity?

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging techniques allow direct visualization of neural activity associated with creative thought processes.

Answer

Cognitive neuroscience techniques are unsuitable for studying creativity due to its abstract and subjective nature.

Answer

Cognitive neuroscience research on creativity is limited to examining the neural mechanisms of divergent thinking.

Answer

Cognitive neuroscience research has identified a specific brain region solely responsible for creativity.

Question 52

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation?

Accepted Answer

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer

EEG (Electroencephalography)

Answer

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

Answer

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Question 53

Which brain region is specifically involved in the central executive component of working memory, which includes attention, planning, and inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Question 54

Which of the following is a type of attention that involves focusing on a specific stimulus or set of stimuli while ignoring distractions?

Accepted Answer

Selective attention

Answer

Divided attention

Answer

Executive attention

Answer

Sustained attention

Question 55

Which brain structure is crucial for language comprehension, and damage to this area can result in aphasia?

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area

Answer

Hippocampus and amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum and medulla

Answer

Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

Question 56

Which type of cognitive neuroscience research design involves causing a brain lesion and observing the resulting cognitive deficits?

Accepted Answer

Lesion studies

Answer

Correlational studies

Answer

Observational studies

Answer

Neuroimaging studies

Question 57

Which brain wave pattern is associated with deep sleep and is characterized by high-amplitude, slow-frequency waves?

Accepted Answer

Delta waves

Answer

Alpha waves

Answer

Gamma waves

Answer

Beta waves

Question 58

Which neuroimaging technique provides a real-time representation of brain activity by measuring electrical signals from the scalp?

Accepted Answer

EEG (Electroencephalography)

Answer

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Answer

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer

CT (Computed Tomography)

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT considered a cognitive function?

Accepted Answer

Digestion

Answer

Memory

Answer

Language

Answer

Attention

Question 60

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in cerebral blood flow?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET

Answer

TMS

Question 61

The neural structure primarily responsible for the formation of new episodic memories is the:

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Question 62

Which brain wave pattern is associated with deep sleep and is characterized by slow and high-amplitude waves?

Accepted Answer

Delta

Answer

Alpha

Answer

Beta

Answer

Theta

Question 63

The part of the brain responsible for planning and executing voluntary movement is the:

Accepted Answer

Motor cortex

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Sensory cortex

Answer

Parietal lobe

Question 64

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in reward pathways, motivation, and motor control?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin