Genetics and Heredity: Master the Fundamentals of Inheritance

Question 1

According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, how are alleles for different traits inherited?

Accepted Answer

Independently of each other

Answer

Always together

Answer

Only in dominant-recessive pairs

Answer

In a ratio of 3:1

Question 2

Which technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Answer

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer

Restriction enzyme digestion

Answer

DNA sequencing

Question 3

Which of the following traits is typically dominant over its alternative form?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes

Answer

Blue eyes

Answer

Recessive alleles

Answer

Heterozygous alleles

Question 4

What is the purpose of creating a karyotype?

Accepted Answer

To study the structure and number of chromosomes

Answer

To determine the sex of an individual

Answer

To identify genetic disorders

Answer

To predict future health risks

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of Mendelian inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Principle of Blending

Answer

Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer

Principle of Dominance

Answer

Principle of Segregation

Question 6

In a heterozygous individual, which allele will be expressed?

Accepted Answer

Dominant allele

Answer

Recessive allele

Answer

Both alleles equally

Answer

Neither allele

Question 7

What is the main purpose of using a Punnett square?

Accepted Answer

To predict the genetic outcomes of crosses

Answer

To determine the genotype of individuals

Answer

To analyze the inheritance of multiple traits

Answer

To study the evolution of species

Question 8

Why is genetic diversity crucial for populations?

Accepted Answer

Increases adaptability to changing environments

Answer

Reduces the risk of genetic disorders

Answer

Increases the likelihood of extinction

Answer

Has no significant impact

Question 9

How do genes contribute to the production of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Genes provide instructions for protein synthesis, influencing traits.

Answer

Proteins are composed of genes, determining physical characteristics.

Answer

Genes and proteins have no connection.

Question 10

Gregor Mendel is known as the 'Father of Genetics' due to his pioneering work on:

Accepted Answer

Genetics

Answer

Natural selection

Answer

DNA structure

Answer

Evolution

Question 11

DNA's sugar-phosphate backbone consists of:

Accepted Answer

Deoxyribose

Answer

Ribose

Answer

Adenine

Answer

Thymine

Question 12

The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 13

RNA's primary role in protein synthesis is to:

Accepted Answer

Carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Answer

Form the structure of ribosomes

Answer

Assemble amino acids into proteins

Answer

Regulate gene expression

Question 14

Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics' for discovering the fundamental principles of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Charles Darwin

Answer

James Watson

Answer

Francis Crick

Question 15

The process by which genetic information is passed on from parents to offspring is called:

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Translation

Question 16

Who is considered the 'Father of Genetics'?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Charles Darwin

Answer

James Watson

Question 17

What term describes the observable characteristics of an organism?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Karyotype

Answer

Proteome

Question 18

Which cellular structure is responsible for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Mitochondrion

Answer

Chloroplast

Answer

Golgi complex

Question 19

What is the term for the condition where an organism has an extra copy of a particular chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy

Answer

Polyploidy

Answer

Monosomy

Answer

Aneuploidy

Question 20

Which technique is used to alter genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Genetic engineering

Answer

Gene therapy

Answer

Selective breeding

Answer

Natural selection

Question 21

What process describes the passing on of genetic information from parents to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Evolution

Answer

Ontogeny

Answer

Adaptation

Question 22

Which nitrogenous base is not present in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Answer

Guanine

Answer

Cytosine

Answer

Adenine

Question 23

What genetic code determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins?

Accepted Answer

Codon

Answer

Promoter

Answer

Anticodon

Answer

Operon

Question 24

Which of the following is the fundamental building block of heredity?

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Nucleotide

Answer

Cell

Answer

Chromosome

Question 25

Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a mutation in a single gene?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer

Down syndrome

Answer

Turner syndrome

Question 26

What is the main purpose of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

To produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm)

Answer

To generate new body cells

Answer

To form diploid zygotes

Answer

To repair damaged cells

Question 27

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to its observable traits.

Answer

Genotype refers to the physical appearance, while phenotype refers to the genetic makeup.

Answer

Genotype refers to the dominant alleles, while phenotype refers to the recessive alleles.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

Protein

Answer

Nitrogenous base

Answer

Phosphate group

Answer

Sugar

Question 29

A scientist observes that the offspring of a red-eyed fruit fly and a white-eyed fruit fly all have red eyes. What is the most likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

The allele for red eyes is dominant to the allele for white eyes.

Answer

Eye color is determined by environmental factors, not genes.

Answer

The allele for white eyes is dominant to the allele for red eyes.

Question 30

What is the process called where genetic material is duplicated?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Answer

Translation

Answer

Transcription

Answer

Mutation

Question 31

What is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Answer

Meiosis occurs in gametes, while mitosis occurs in all cells.

Answer

Mitosis produces daughter cells with twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Question 32

A scientist observes that the offspring of a black mouse and a white mouse have gray fur. What type of inheritance pattern is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Incomplete dominance

Answer

Recessive

Answer

Dominance

Answer

Codominance

Question 33

What is a gene?

Accepted Answer

A unit of heredity that controls a specific trait.

Answer

A type of cell that carries genetic information.

Answer

A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

Question 34

What is the function of the mRNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

It carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome.

Answer

It helps to assemble amino acids into proteins.

Answer

It stores genetic information in the nucleus.

Question 35

Which of the following is the basic unit of heredity?

Accepted Answer

Gene

Answer

Chromosome

Answer

Nucleotide

Question 36

Which scientist is credited with developing the principles of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel

Answer

Francis Crick

Answer

James Watson

Answer

Charles Darwin

Question 37

What is the term for the different forms of a gene?

Accepted Answer

Alleles

Answer

Genotypes

Answer

Traits

Answer

Phenotypes

Question 38

Which type of inheritance pattern involves one allele masking the expression of another allele?

Accepted Answer

Dominant-Recessive

Answer

Codominant

Answer

Incomplete Dominant

Answer

Polygenic

Question 39

What is the structure of DNA called that resembles a twisted ladder?

Accepted Answer

Double Helix

Answer

Quadruple Helix

Answer

Spiral Helix

Answer

Triple Helix

Question 40

Which disorder is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Accepted Answer

Down Syndrome

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 41

What is the process by which genetic material is passed from parents to offspring?

Accepted Answer

Heredity

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Gene Expression

Question 42

Which term describes the observable characteristics of an organism?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Answer

Karyotype

Answer

Genotype

Answer

Allelotype

Question 43

What is the term for a change in the DNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Answer

Insertion

Answer

Translocation

Answer

Deletion

Question 44

Which technology allows scientists to identify and manipulate specific genes?

Accepted Answer

Genetic Engineering

Answer

Gene Therapy

Answer

Cloning

Answer

DNA Fingerprinting

Question 45

A plant with purple flowers (PP) is crossed with a plant with white flowers (pp). If purple flower color is dominant, what percentage of their offspring will have white flowers?

Accepted Answer

0%

Answer

100%

Answer

50%

Answer

25%

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A double helix made up of nucleotides.

Answer

A single strand of amino acids.

Answer

A complex protein with a folded structure.

Answer

A chain of carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 47

What is the primary function of DNA?

Accepted Answer

To store and transmit genetic information.

Answer

To control the movement of materials in and out of cells.

Answer

To provide energy for cellular processes.

Answer

To catalyze chemical reactions within cells.

Question 48

A human cell has two copies of each chromosome. What are these pairs of chromosomes called?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosomes

Answer

Zygotes

Answer

Gametes

Answer

Sister chromatids

Question 49

Which of these is an example of a genetic disorder?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Answer

A broken bone

Answer

Chickenpox

Answer

The flu

Question 50

Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

RNA

Answer

Protein

Answer

DNA

Answer

Enzyme

Question 51

A brown-eyed person and a blue-eyed person have a child with brown eyes.  If brown eyes are dominant, what is the genotype of the brown-eyed parent?

Accepted Answer

BB or Bb

Answer

BB only

Answer

Cannot be determined

Answer

bb

Question 52

What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Fertilization

Answer

Mutation

Answer

Meiosis

Question 53

What is a mutation?

Accepted Answer

A change in the DNA sequence

Answer

A form of cellular energy

Answer

A type of cell division

Answer

A stage in the life cycle of a virus

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of a trait that is influenced by both genetics and environmental factors?

Accepted Answer

Height

Answer

Eye color

Answer

Blood type

Answer

Tongue rolling ability