Ethics: Explore Ethical Reasoning and Decision-Making

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Prioritizes actions consistent with reason

Answer

Emphasizes habits of character

Answer

De-emphasizes moral rules and principles

Answer

Incorporates moral sentiments

Question 2

According to deontological theory, the rightness of an action is primarily determined by:

Accepted Answer

Its adherence to established moral rules

Answer

Its potential consequences

Answer

The intentions of the agent

Answer

The virtues of the agent

Question 3

Utilitarianism maintains that the most ethical action is one that:

Accepted Answer

Produces the greatest amount of happiness

Answer

Promotes virtuous character traits

Answer

Fulfills one's duty

Answer

Respects individual freedom

Question 4

Which ethical perspective prioritizes avoiding harm above all else?

Accepted Answer

Care ethics

Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 5

The idea that individuals have a duty to act respectfully towards others' autonomy is central to which ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Existentialism

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a critique commonly leveled against utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

It provides clear guidance for decision-making

Answer

It can justify morally questionable actions

Answer

It overlooks individual rights

Answer

It can be challenging to determine what produces the greatest happiness

Question 7

According to existentialist ethics, the most important consideration in ethical decision-making is the:

Accepted Answer

Authenticity and meaning in life

Answer

Consequences of actions

Answer

Duties to society

Answer

Virtues of the individual

Question 8

Which of the following is a primary distinction between virtue ethics and deontological ethics?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics emphasizes character, while deontology emphasizes actions

Answer

Deontology focuses on duties, while virtue ethics focuses on happiness

Answer

Virtue ethics is subjective, while deontology is objective

Answer

Deontology is rooted in reason, while virtue ethics is rooted in emotion

Question 9

The idea that humans have an inherent drive towards fairness and justice is a core principle of which ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Aristotelian ethics

Answer

Platonic ethics

Answer

Stoic ethics

Answer

Epicurean ethics

Question 10

Which ethical principle underscores the significance of adhering to universal moral principles, regardless of the consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Egoism

Answer

Teleology

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 11

According to the teleological ethical theory of utilitarianism, the most ethical action is the one that maximizes aggregate happiness or benefit.

Accepted Answer

True

Answer

False

Answer

Only if the means themselves are ethical

Answer

Only for the majority

Question 12

Within Aristotle's ethical theory, which of the following is not considered a virtue?

Accepted Answer

Gluttony

Answer

Courage

Answer

Justice

Answer

Temperance

Question 13

In the context of ethical reasoning, a dilemma arises when:

Accepted Answer

Two or more conflicting ethical principles are applicable

Answer

Personal values deviate from societal expectations

Answer

There is just one clear ethical option

Answer

The outcomes of all options are negative

Question 14

When applying ethical theories to real-world scenarios, which of the following presents a potential challenge?

Accepted Answer

Conflicting stakeholder interests

Answer

Availability of clear guidelines

Answer

Predictability of consequences

Answer

Lack of clarity in ethical principles

Question 15

What is the fundamental purpose of an ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

To offer a framework for evaluating the morality or immorality of actions

Answer

To establish a set of absolute moral laws

Answer

To promote social conformity

Question 16

In Kantian ethics, the basis for actions should be:

Accepted Answer

Universal moral principles

Answer

Societal norms

Answer

Consequences for the individual

Answer

Personal preferences

Question 17

In the context of ethical decision-making, what is meant by the term 'moral agent'?

Accepted Answer

An individual or entity capable of making moral choices

Answer

An external authority that imposes moral rules

Answer

A hypothetical person used to test ethical principles

Question 18

Which ethical theory places emphasis on character development and personal fulfillment?

Accepted Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Egoism

Question 19

In Aristotelian ethics, which of the following is considered a key virtue?

Accepted Answer

Courage

Answer

Pride

Answer

Gluttony

Answer

Envy

Question 20

According to Kantian ethics, an action is considered morally right if it:

Accepted Answer

Can be universally applied as a moral law

Answer

Is motivated by self-interest

Answer

Brings about the best consequences

Answer

Is in accordance with tradition

Question 21

The principle of non-maleficence in healthcare ethics emphasizes that healthcare professionals should:

Accepted Answer

Avoid causing harm to patients.

Answer

Disclose all risks and benefits of treatment.

Answer

Always prioritize patient autonomy.

Answer

Act in the patient's best interests.

Question 22

A key concept in feminist ethics is:

Accepted Answer

Care ethics, which emphasizes the importance of relationships and empathy in moral decision-making.

Answer

Virtue ethics, which emphasizes the development of moral character.

Answer

Teleological ethics, which focuses on the consequences of actions.

Answer

Deontological ethics, which emphasizes duty and rules.

Question 23

In research ethics, informed consent refers to:

Accepted Answer

Participants' understanding and voluntary agreement to participate in a study after being fully informed about its risks, benefits, and procedures.

Answer

Obtaining permission from a legal guardian for minors.

Answer

Providing compensation to participants.

Question 24

Which of the following scenarios presents an ethical dilemma?

Accepted Answer

A doctor must decide whether to tell a patient their terminal diagnosis, knowing it might cause significant distress.

Answer

Picking the best restaurant for dinner.

Answer

Deciding which movie to watch.

Question 25

The ethical principle of confidentiality requires professionals to:

Accepted Answer

Respect the privacy of individuals by keeping sensitive information private.

Answer

Obtain consent before sharing information.

Answer

Always disclose information to authorities.

Answer

Share information with colleagues.

Question 26

The concept of cultural relativism in ethics suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Moral beliefs and practices vary across cultures, and there is no single absolute standard of right and wrong.

Answer

One culture's ethics are always superior to another's.

Answer

Ethical behavior is determined by individual conscience.

Answer

There are no universal ethical principles.

Question 27

Which ethical theory places the greatest emphasis on fulfilling one's duties and obligations?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Contractualism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 28

According to the principle of beneficence, individuals have an ethical obligation to:

Accepted Answer

Act in ways that benefit others

Answer

Respect individual rights

Answer

Be honest and trustworthy

Answer

Avoid causing harm

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of virtue ethics?

Accepted Answer

Focuses on actions rather than motives

Answer

Relies heavily on theory

Answer

Values moral intuition

Answer

Emphasizes developing virtuous character traits

Question 30

The ethical dilemma known as the trolley problem involves:

Accepted Answer

Choosing between sacrificing one person to save many

Answer

Balancing individual rights and societal interests

Answer

Determining the fairness of a distribution of goods

Question 31

Which ethical perspective emphasizes promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Existentialism

Answer

Kantianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 32

The ethical principle of non-maleficence requires individuals to:

Accepted Answer

Avoid causing harm to others

Answer

Respect the rights of others

Answer

Be fair and just

Answer

Do good to others

Question 33

Which of the following ethical theories emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with universal moral laws?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Pragmatism

Question 34

The ethical principle of autonomy states that individuals have the right to:

Accepted Answer

Make decisions about their own lives

Answer

Be treated fairly by others

Answer

Receive assistance from the government

Question 35

Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of actions as the basis for determining their rightness or wrongness?

Accepted Answer

Teleology

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Contractualism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Question 36

The ethical norm of reciprocity suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Individuals should treat others as they want to be treated

Answer

Virtuous character traits are essential for ethical behavior

Answer

Actions should be judged based on their consequences

Question 37

A company is facing a difficult ethical dilemma. They can either lay off a large number of employees to save costs or continue operating at a loss, potentially leading to the company's downfall. Which ethical framework would likely prioritize the well-being of the employees, even at the cost of the company's survival?

Accepted Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Deontology

Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 38

A doctor is faced with a patient who requires a life-saving surgery, but the patient's insurance will not cover it. The doctor is torn between upholding the Hippocratic Oath to 'do no harm' and the ethical principle of justice. Which ethical principle is most directly challenged in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Justice

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Autonomy

Question 39

Which of the following best describes the core principle of utilitarianism?

Accepted Answer

Actions are morally right if they produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Answer

Actions are morally right if they are performed out of a sense of duty.

Answer

Actions are morally right if they are based on universal principles.

Question 40

A research team is working on a groundbreaking new technology that could have both positive and negative implications. They are struggling to decide whether to proceed with the research, knowing that their findings could be misused. Which ethical concept is most relevant to their dilemma?

Accepted Answer

Double Effect

Answer

Fiduciary Duty

Answer

Informed Consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Question 41

A journalist receives a confidential tip about a major scandal. The journalist knows that publishing the information could damage the reputation of the individuals involved, but also believes it is important to hold powerful figures accountable. Which ethical dilemma is the journalist facing?

Accepted Answer

Truth vs. Loyalty

Answer

Justice vs. Mercy

Answer

Individual vs. Collective

Answer

Short-term vs. Long-term

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virtuous person, according to Aristotle?

Accepted Answer

Selfishness

Answer

Justice

Answer

Courage

Answer

Temperance

Question 43

A company is accused of engaging in unethical practices. They claim that their actions were justified because they were following the law. Which ethical framework does this argument most closely resemble?

Accepted Answer

Deontology

Answer

Consequentialism

Answer

Virtue Ethics

Answer

Utilitarianism

Question 44

In ethical decision-making, what is the role of 'moral imagination'?

Accepted Answer

To consider different perspectives and potential consequences of an action.

Answer

To follow pre-determined rules and guidelines.

Answer

To identify the most efficient solution to a problem.

Question 45

A student is writing an essay about the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. Which of the following would be a suitable topic for their essay?

Accepted Answer

The potential for AI to exacerbate existing societal inequalities.

Answer

The historical development of AI technology.

Answer

The technical challenges involved in developing AI systems.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a recognized ethical principle in healthcare?

Accepted Answer

Profit Maximization

Answer

Autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 47

Which ethical theory prioritizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism

Answer

Virtue ethics

Answer

Natural law theory

Answer

Kantianism

Question 48

According to virtue ethics, which character trait is essential for ethical behavior?

Accepted Answer

Honesty

Answer

Power

Answer

Wealth

Answer

Intelligence

Question 49

Which of the following is a valid ethical principle in Kantianism?

Accepted Answer

Act only according to that maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.

Answer

Treat others as you would like to be treated.

Question 50

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a dilemma of justice?

Accepted Answer

A judge must decide whether to sentence a defendant to prison, knowing that it will separate them from their family.

Answer

A student must choose between studying for an exam and attending a social event.

Question 51

Which of the following is a key challenge in applied ethics?

Accepted Answer

Balancing competing moral principles and values.

Answer

Identifying the stakeholders in an ethical dilemma.

Answer

Developing ethical decision-making frameworks.

Answer

Interpreting ethical theories in real-world situations.

Question 52

What is the primary goal of ethical education?

Accepted Answer

To develop students' ability to reason about and make ethical judgments.

Answer

To provide students with a comprehensive history of ethical thought.

Answer

To indoctrinate students with a particular set of ethical beliefs.

Question 53

Which of the following is a potential benefit of ethical leadership?

Accepted Answer

Increased trust and loyalty from followers.

Answer

Reduced legal liability.

Answer

Improved employee morale.

Answer

Higher profits for the organization.

Question 54

What is the role of emotion in ethical decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Emotions can influence our moral intuitions and biases, but should be carefully considered and balanced with rational thinking.

Answer

Emotions should be ignored in ethical decision-making.

Question 55

Which of the following is a common ethical issue in the field of technology?

Accepted Answer

Privacy and data security.

Answer

Economic inequality.

Answer

Racial inequality.

Answer

Climate change.

Question 56

What is the significance of ethical codes in professional practice?

Accepted Answer

They provide clear guidelines for ethical behavior, enhance public trust, and promote accountability.

Answer

They are only necessary for professions that deal with sensitive or confidential information.