Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

Question 1

Which lifestyle change has been proven to significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Engaging in regular cardiovascular exercise

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy weight

Answer

Consuming a diet rich in saturated fats

Answer

Smoking cigarettes

Question 2

Describe the sequence of electrical impulse conduction from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the ventricles.

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → left bundle branch → right bundle branch → Purkinje fibers

Answer

AV node → SA node → bundle of His → left bundle branch → right bundle branch → Purkinje fibers

Answer

SA node → bundle of His → AV node → left bundle branch → right bundle branch → Purkinje fibers

Answer

AV node → bundle of His → SA node → left bundle branch → right bundle branch → Purkinje fibers

Question 3

Describe the compensatory mechanisms employed by the heart in response to increased workload, and explain how these mechanisms can contribute to the development of heart failure.

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate, enhanced contractility, and ventricular hypertrophy

Answer

Reduced heart rate and contractility, along with atrial enlargement

Answer

Enhanced peripheral vasodilation and increased arterial blood pressure, coupled with reduced stroke volume

Question 4

Identify the structure responsible for regulating blood flow to the kidney nephrons:

Accepted Answer

Afferent arteriole

Answer

Loop of Henle

Answer

Glomerular capsule

Answer

Collecting duct

Question 5

Which component of the respiratory system is the primary site of gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Alveoli

Answer

Pharynx

Answer

Glottis

Answer

Trachea

Question 6

The primary functions of the liver include:

Accepted Answer

Metabolism of nutrients, detoxification of harmful substances, and production of bile

Answer

Pumping blood throughout the body

Answer

Filtration of waste products from the blood

Question 7

The sympathetic nervous system typically exerts which effect on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate

Answer

No significant effect on heart rate

Answer

Decreases heart rate

Answer

Increases stroke volume

Question 8

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

Accepted Answer

Arteries

Answer

Capillaries

Answer

Veins

Question 9

Identify the heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle:

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Mitral valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells

Answer

Transporting waste products to lymph nodes

Answer

Draining excess fluid from tissues

Question 11

What is the term for the formation of blood clots in arteries?

Accepted Answer

Arterial thrombosis

Answer

Venous embolism

Answer

Myocardial infarction

Answer

Pulmonary edema

Question 12

Which hormone plays a primary role in regulating blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Cortisol

Question 13

Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Accepted Answer

Arteries

Answer

Lymphatics

Answer

Capillaries

Answer

Veins

Question 14

Which valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Answer

Mitral valve

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Age

Answer

High blood pressure

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Smoking

Question 16

Which membrane lines the heart chambers and prevents blood clots?

Accepted Answer

Endocardium

Answer

Epicardium

Answer

Myocardium

Question 17

Which type of blood cell is responsible for carrying oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

Answer

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Answer

Leukocytes (White blood cells)

Question 18

What is the condition in which the heart muscle becomes enlarged and weakened?

Accepted Answer

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer

Ischemic heart disease

Answer

Arrhythmia

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 19

Which hormone increases heart rate in response to stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Answer

Testosterone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Thyroxine

Question 20

What is the electrical signal that triggers the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Action potential

Answer

Transmembrane potential

Answer

Stimulus-response

Question 21

Which of the following blood pressure readings is considered hypertensive?

Accepted Answer

140/90 mmHg or higher

Answer

110/70 mmHg

Answer

120/80 mmHg

Answer

130/85 mmHg

Question 22

Which diagnostic test uses sound waves to generate images of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer

Computed tomography

Question 23

Which of the following is a major function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Transport of oxygen and nutrients

Answer

Regulation of immune responses

Answer

Filtering of waste products

Answer

Production of hormones

Question 24

What is the primary function of the myocardium?

Accepted Answer

Contraction to pump blood

Answer

Prevention of blood clots

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Electrical conduction

Question 25

Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Vein

Answer

Capillary

Answer

Artery

Answer

Lymphatic vessel

Question 26

What is the term for abnormally high levels of triglycerides in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Hypertriglyceridemia

Answer

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer

Anemia

Question 27

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Unhealthy diet

Answer

Physical inactivity

Answer

Stress

Question 28

What is the purpose of a cardiac catheterization procedure?

Accepted Answer

To visualize the heart's blood vessels and assess blood flow

Answer

To repair heart valves

Answer

To measure heart function

Answer

To detect arrhythmias

Question 29

Which of the following is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular Fibrillation

Answer

Cardiomyopathy

Answer

Stroke

Answer

Heart Attack

Question 30

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Answer

Right ventricle

Answer

Right atrium

Answer

Left ventricle

Question 31

What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Answer

Mitral valve

Question 32

Which of the following blood vessel types carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Answer

Arteries

Answer

Capillaries

Question 33

What is the formula that defines mean arterial pressure?

Accepted Answer

(Systolic blood pressure + 2 x Diastolic blood pressure) / 3

Answer

2 x Systolic blood pressure + Diastolic blood pressure

Answer

Systolic blood pressure x Diastolic blood pressure

Answer

Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure

Question 34

What is the physiological mechanism by which an increase in venous return leads to an increase in cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer

Bainbridge reflex

Question 35

Which of the following is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular tachycardia

Answer

Sinus rhythm

Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Answer

Bradycardia

Question 36

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Answer

To increase heart rate and blood pressure

Question 37

Which of the following is a non-invasive diagnostic test used to evaluate heart function by recording electrical signals?

Accepted Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Angiogram

Answer

Echocardiogram

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart

Question 38

Which of the following arteries carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Answer

Vena cava

Answer

Carotid artery

Answer

Pulmonary artery

Question 39

Which part of the heart initiates electrical impulses for contractions?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer

Bundle of His

Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 40

Which type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?

Accepted Answer

Arteries

Answer

Lymphatics

Answer

Capillaries

Answer

Veins

Question 41

Which of the following conditions is characterized by abnormally low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Polycythemia

Answer

Anemia

Question 42

Which substance constitutes the largest proportion of blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Water

Answer

Lipids

Answer

Electrolytes

Answer

Proteins

Question 43

Which type of cardiac muscle cell is responsible for the contraction of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Cardiomyocyte

Answer

Smooth muscle cell

Answer

Fibroblast

Answer

Skeletal muscle cell

Question 44

Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Answer

Aortic valve

Answer

Pulmonary valve

Answer

Mitral valve

Question 45

Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the relaxation of both ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Diastole

Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Answer

Isovolumetric relaxation

Answer

Systole

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Neural transmission

Answer

Removal of waste products

Answer

Transport of oxygen and nutrients

Answer

Regulation of body temperature

Question 47

Which of the following is the largest artery in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Answer

Pulmonary artery

Answer

Femoral artery

Answer

Carotid artery

Question 48

Which of the following heart structures is responsible for the pumping action?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Answer

Epicardium

Answer

Endocardium

Answer

Pericardium

Question 49

What is the primary purpose of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

To pump oxygenated blood to the body

Answer

To regulate body temperature

Answer

To produce hormones

Answer

To filter waste products

Question 50

Which hormone is responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Thyroxine

Answer

Cortisol

Question 51

Which of the following blood cells transports oxygen throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes

Answer

Thrombocytes

Answer

Monocytes

Answer

Leukocytes

Question 52

Which of the following is a common symptom of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Shortness of breath

Answer

Headache

Answer

Nausea

Question 53

Which of the following is a medication used to treat hypertension?

Accepted Answer

ACE inhibitors

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Statins