Definition and History of Psychology: A Comprehensive Guide for Nursing Students

Question 1

Which principle is central to the humanistic perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Individuals have the potential for personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Answer

Behavior is primarily influenced by environmental factors.

Answer

Social interactions shape the development of the self.

Answer

Mental processes are crucial for understanding human behavior.

Question 2

Considered the father of modern psychology, who is credited with establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Rogers

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 3

In the biopsychosocial perspective, what is the primary objective?

Accepted Answer

Comprehending behavior's biological, psychological, and social determinants.

Answer

Focusing solely on behavior's biological basis.

Answer

Prioritizing environmental influences over biological and psychological factors.

Answer

Creating cognitive theory-based therapeutic interventions.

Question 4

Which of these is NOT a recognized subfield of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Engineering psychology

Answer

Clinical psychology

Answer

Forensic psychology

Answer

Sports psychology

Question 5

The scientific study of mental processes is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Behavioral psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Answer

Developmental psychology

Question 6

Which ethical principle underscores the significance of obtaining informed consent from research participants?

Accepted Answer

Respect for autonomy

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Answer

Justice

Question 7

An 'operational definition' refers to:

Accepted Answer

A precise statement defining how a concept will be measured.

Answer

A theory explaining the causes of a specific behavior.

Answer

A method for data collection using solely qualitative measures.

Answer

A technique for interpreting the results of psychological tests.

Question 8

A key distinction between qualitative and quantitative research lies in:

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research is more subjective, while quantitative research is more objective.

Answer

Qualitative research relies on numbers and statistics, whereas quantitative research uses narrative and observational data.

Answer

Qualitative research is primarily used in clinical settings, while quantitative research is conducted in laboratory settings.

Answer

Qualitative research involves large samples, while quantitative research uses smaller samples.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the humanistic perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Focusing on unconscious motivations.

Answer

Emphasizing free will and personal development.

Answer

Believing that people are fundamentally good.

Answer

Valuing subjective experiences.

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt's structuralist approach in psychology primarily emphasized:

Accepted Answer

Breaking down mental processes into their basic elements

Answer

Studying the practical benefits of behaviors

Answer

Objectively observing and recording visible behaviors

Answer

Investigating unconscious factors influencing behavior

Question 11

Which defining characteristic is central to the humanistic perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Individual growth and self-actualization are crucial

Answer

Early childhood experiences shape personality

Answer

Unconscious motivations drive behavior

Question 12

How does psychology connect with other scientific fields?

Accepted Answer

Psychology is linked to other scientific fields, influencing and being influenced by them.

Answer

Psychology is a separate field with no links to other sciences.

Answer

Psychology is the base for all other scientific fields.

Answer

Psychology has no connection to other scientific fields.

Question 13

Which psychological perspective focuses on observable behaviors and the influence of external stimuli on learning?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism

Answer

Structuralism

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Humanism

Question 14

Which of the following definitions best captures the scope of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The science that investigates human mental processes and behaviors.

Answer

The study of the unconscious mind and its influence on thoughts and actions.

Answer

The practice of providing therapy to individuals and groups.

Answer

The examination of the physiological basis of mental processes.

Question 15

Who is widely recognized as the 'Father of Psychology' due to establishing the first psychology laboratory in 1879?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Jung

Answer

William James

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT considered a major theoretical perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Sociological

Answer

Psychoanalytic

Answer

Humanistic

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral

Question 17

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences, unconscious motivations, and defense mechanisms in shaping personality and behavior?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic

Answer

Humanistic

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral

Answer

Biological

Question 18

Which perspective focuses on the individual's subjective experiences, personal growth, and self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic

Answer

Psychoanalytic

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral

Answer

Biological

Question 19

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of learning, thinking, and observable behaviors in explaining psychological phenomena?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavioral

Answer

Psychoanalytic

Answer

Humanistic

Answer

Biological

Question 20

Which perspective in psychology focuses on the influence of biological factors, such as genetics, brain chemistry, and the nervous system, on psychological functioning?

Accepted Answer

Biological

Answer

Psychoanalytic

Answer

Humanistic

Answer

Cognitive-behavioral

Question 21

Which of the following research methods involves observing and recording behavior in its natural setting?

Accepted Answer

Observation

Answer

Experimentation

Answer

Case studies

Answer

Surveys

Question 22

Which ethical principle requires researchers to obtain participants' consent before conducting research and fully inform them of the study's purpose and procedures?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Answer

Confidentiality

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 23

Which of the following provides the most accurate and comprehensive definition of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The scientific exploration of the mind, behavior, and their interrelationships.

Answer

The exclusive study of human behavior, excluding animal behavior.

Answer

The practice of treating mental health conditions.

Answer

The sole investigation of the brain and neural processes.

Question 24

Who is widely regarded as the founder of modern experimental psychology?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Rogers

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT considered a major perspective within the field of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Spiritual

Answer

Psychodynamic

Answer

Behavioral

Answer

Humanistic

Question 26

In the psychodynamic perspective, what is believed to be the primary driving force behind human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Unresolved unconscious conflicts

Answer

Learned associations between stimuli and responses

Answer

The innate desire for self-growth and fulfillment

Answer

Social influences and environmental factors

Question 27

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of behavioral psychology?

Accepted Answer

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

Answer

Human behavior is primarily motivated by internal conflicts.

Answer

Personal growth occurs through self-reflection and insight.

Answer

Cognitive processes play a minimal role in shaping behavior.

Question 28

According to humanistic psychology, what is considered to be the ultimate goal and motivator of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization and reaching one's full potential

Answer

Reducing anxiety and discomfort

Answer

Resolving unconscious conflicts

Answer

Obtaining external validation and rewards

Question 29

Which principle is central to the behaviorist perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

Answer

Behavior is determined by unconscious mental processes.

Answer

Behavior is driven by biological instincts.

Answer

Behavior is best understood through introspection.

Question 30

Which philosophical school of thought stressed the scientific study of observable behaviors, rejecting introspection as a valid method?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism

Answer

Structuralism

Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Humanism

Question 31

Wilhelm Wundt, known as the 'Father of Psychology,' used which technique to study the structure of the mind?

Accepted Answer

Introspection

Answer

Behaviorism

Answer

Humanistic psychology

Question 32

Which of the following is the most widely accepted definition of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Answer

The application of principles to understand human behavior

Answer

The study of human relationships and interactions

Question 33

Who is considered the 'Father of Psychology' and established the first psychology laboratory in 1879?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Question 34

Which of the following is a key contribution of the behaviorist perspective to psychology?

Accepted Answer

Emphasis on observable behaviors and environmental influences

Answer

Importance of introspection and self-reflection

Answer

Focus on unconscious processes and childhood experiences

Question 35

Who developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Jung

Answer

William James

Answer

Alfred Adler

Question 36

Which of the following is a limitation of the humanistic perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty in objectively measuring concepts like self-actualization and personal growth

Answer

Focus on observable behavior only

Answer

Overemphasis on the role of biological factors

Question 37

Which of the following is a key methodological approach used in psychology to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

Experimentation

Answer

Correlation

Answer

Introspection

Answer

Observation

Question 38

Which of the following is a subfield of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to understand and improve human behavior in work settings?

Accepted Answer

Industrial-organizational psychology

Answer

Clinical psychology

Answer

Educational psychology

Question 39

Define psychology in a precise manner.

Accepted Answer

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Answer

The analysis of social interactions

Answer

The art of treating mental illness

Answer

The investigation of the human soul

Question 40

Who is widely recognized as the founder of experimental psychology, marking the inception of psychology as a scientific discipline?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer

B.F. Skinner

Answer

Sigmund Freud

Answer

Carl Rogers

Question 41

Within the field of psychology, which perspective focuses on the influence of unconscious mental processes on an individual's behavior, dreams, and personality?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer

Behavioral perspective

Answer

Cognitive perspective

Answer

Humanistic perspective

Question 42

In psychological research, which method involves observing and recording the behavior of individuals in their natural environment?

Accepted Answer

Observation

Answer

Experimentation

Answer

Introspection

Answer

Case study

Question 43

In the history of psychology, who played a pivotal role in shaping the behaviorist school of thought?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson

Answer

Carl Jung

Answer

Noam Chomsky

Answer

Abraham Maslow

Question 44

In psychology, what term describes the tendency to unconsciously attribute our own beliefs, feelings, and motives to others?

Accepted Answer

Projection

Answer

Transference

Answer

Empathy

Answer

Countertransference

Question 45

Within the field of nursing, what is a primary goal of nursing psychology?

Accepted Answer

Promoting the well-being of patients and their families through psychological interventions

Answer

Conducting research on mental health disorders

Answer

Treating severe mental illnesses

Question 46

In psychology, what is the term for learning that occurs by observing and imitating the actions of others?

Accepted Answer

Social learning

Answer

Classical conditioning

Answer

Operant conditioning

Answer

Cognitive learning

Question 47

Which of the following is considered a pseudoscience and not a recognized subfield of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Astrology

Answer

Clinical psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Answer

Developmental psychology

Question 48

The American Psychological Association's (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct primarily serves which purpose?

Accepted Answer

To provide ethical guidelines for psychologists in their professional practice and decision-making

Answer

To punish psychologists who violate ethical standards

Answer

To promote the interests of the psychology profession above all else

Question 49

According to the behaviorist perspective, what primarily influences an individual's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Environmental stimuli and reinforcement

Answer

Personal beliefs and values

Answer

Biological factors and genetics

Answer

Unconscious desires and conflicts

Question 50

Which ethical principle in psychology emphasizes obtaining informed consent from research participants?

Accepted Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Justice

Answer

Beneficence

Question 51

Which subfield of psychology focuses primarily on the mental processes involved in learning, memory, and thinking?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Developmental psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Question 52

The concept of 'learned helplessness,' where individuals give up trying after repeated failures, is primarily associated with which psychologist?

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman

Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Answer

Abraham Maslow

Answer

Carl Jung

Question 53

Which research method in psychology involves observing and recording behavior in its natural setting?

Accepted Answer

Observational research

Answer

Case study research

Answer

Correlational research

Answer

Experimental research

Question 54

According to the biopsychosocial model, what contributes to the development of psychological disorders?

Accepted Answer

A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors

Answer

Biological factors only

Answer

Psychological factors only

Question 55

What is a key ethical consideration when conducting research with human participants?

Accepted Answer

Protecting participants from harm and ensuring their confidentiality

Answer

Obtaining approval from the university's ethics board

Answer

Using a large sample size