Drugs for Diabetes: Pharmacology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications

Question 1

Which of the following medications is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, commonly used to treat diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Sitagliptin

Question 2

What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

Accepted Answer

Promoting glucose uptake and utilization by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Answer

Inhibiting sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)

Answer

Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

Answer

Inhibiting alpha-glucosidase in the small intestine

Question 3

When educating patients about insulin use, which of the following should NOT be included?

Accepted Answer

Dietary recommendations

Answer

Insulin administration techniques

Answer

Possible side effects

Answer

Importance of regular blood sugar monitoring

Question 4

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 5

When administering metformin, which assessment is crucial?

Accepted Answer

Assess for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

Answer

Monitor for hypoglycemia

Answer

Administer with food to minimize gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Monitor liver function tests (LFTs)

Question 6

Which adverse effect is associated with sulfonylurea therapy?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Constipation

Question 7

Which hormone contributes to insulin resistance in T2DM?

Accepted Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Growth hormone

Question 8

What is the primary objective of insulin therapy in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Reducing blood glucose levels to normal range

Answer

Complete elimination of blood glucose

Answer

Preventing long-term complications

Answer

Curing the underlying cause of diabetes

Question 9

Which condition is a contraindication to GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy?

Accepted Answer

History of pancreatitis

Answer

Severe renal impairment

Answer

Uncontrolled hypertension

Answer

Recent history of heart surgery

Question 10

Which of the following is the most serious risk associated with insulin therapy?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Allergic reactions

Question 11

When a patient receiving diabetes medications experiences signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, what should be the nurse's immediate action?

Accepted Answer

Administer glucagon or dextrose

Answer

Monitor blood glucose levels

Answer

Provide reassurance to the patient and family

Question 12

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of biguanides in the treatment of diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Increased glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer

Increased insulin secretion from the pancreas

Answer

Inhibition of glucagon secretion from the pancreas

Answer

Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidney

Question 13

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of this medication class?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Cardiac arrhythmias

Answer

Pancreatitis

Question 14

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of this medication class?

Accepted Answer

Genital mycotic infections

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Lactic acidosis

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Question 15

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following nursing interventions is appropriate to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects?

Accepted Answer

Encourage taking the medication with food

Answer

Monitor for hypoglycemia

Answer

Obtain a baseline creatinine level before starting therapy

Answer

Teach the patient to self-monitor blood glucose levels

Question 16

A patient with type 1 diabetes is experiencing hypoglycemia. Which medication would be most appropriate to administer?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Vildagliptin

Question 17

Which of the following classes of diabetes medications primarily works by increasing insulin sensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Answer

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 18

A newly diagnosed patient with type 2 diabetes is being considered for medication therapy. Which of the following is typically considered as a first-line treatment option?

Accepted Answer

Metformin

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Glipizide

Question 19

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infections

Answer

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hyperglycemia

Question 20

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can provide several benefits in diabetes management. Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of CGM?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of hypoglycemia

Answer

Improved blood glucose control

Answer

Early detection of hyperglycemia

Answer

Reduced hospitalizations

Question 21

Which of the following describes the primary mechanism of action for metformin, a commonly prescribed oral medication for type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

Answer

Stimulates insulin secretion

Answer

Inhibits glucagon secretion

Answer

Promotes glucose uptake by skeletal muscle

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect associated with insulin therapy?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Lipohypertrophy

Question 23

A patient with type 1 diabetes presents to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which of the following medications should be administered immediately as part of the initial treatment plan?

Accepted Answer

Regular insulin

Answer

Glipizide

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Pioglitazone

Question 24

Which of the following classes of diabetes medications carries the highest risk of causing hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Biguanides

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Answer

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 25

When initiating insulin therapy in a patient with type 2 diabetes, which of the following routes of administration is typically considered the first choice?

Accepted Answer

Subcutaneous injection

Answer

Intravenous injection

Answer

Intramuscular injection

Answer

Oral administration

Question 26

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Which of the following nursing interventions is of utmost importance to reinforce with the patient?

Accepted Answer

Take the medication immediately before the first bite of food

Answer

Avoid consuming dairy products while taking the medication

Answer

Check blood glucose levels frequently for signs of hypoglycemia

Answer

Inform the healthcare provider about any gastrointestinal side effects

Question 27

When teaching a patient who is initiating insulin therapy, which of the following should be emphasized as the most important point?

Accepted Answer

Recognizing and managing symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer

Rotating injection sites to prevent lipohypertrophy

Answer

Storing insulin at room temperature

Answer

Avoiding alcohol consumption while taking insulin

Question 28

What is the primary clinical application of metformin in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

Answer

Prevention of type 1 diabetes

Answer

Treatment of gestational diabetes

Answer

Weight loss in obese individuals

Question 29

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with thiazolidinediones?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Tachycardia

Question 30

Which type of diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a rapid-acting insulin used in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

Lispro

Answer

Glargine

Answer

Detemir

Answer

NPH

Question 32

What is an important role of nurses in diabetes education?

Accepted Answer

Teaching patients self-monitoring of blood glucose

Answer

Performing eye exams

Answer

Prescribing diabetes medications

Answer

Diagnosing diabetes

Question 33

What is the primary adverse effect associated with DPP-4 inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Question 34

Which class of diabetes medications acts by enhancing insulin release from the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

GLP-1 agonists

Answer

SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer

Biguanides

Question 35

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased glucose excretion in urine

Answer

Enhance glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, such as muscle and fat

Answer

Reduce hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis

Answer

Stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, increasing glucose utilization

Question 36

What is a common adverse effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Flatulence and abdominal discomfort due to delayed carbohydrate digestion

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a class of diabetes medications?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Biguanides

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Question 38

Which of the following drugs is an example of a GLP-1 receptor agonist?

Accepted Answer

Liraglutide

Answer

Insulin glargine

Answer

Canagliflozin

Answer

Glimepiride

Question 39

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infections

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight loss

Question 40

Which of the following is a key monitoring parameter for patients on sulfonylureas?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hepatotoxicity

Answer

Neutropenia

Answer

Ototoxicity

Question 41

Which of the following is the most common type of diabetes?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Question 42

Which of the following statements about insulin glargine is accurate?

Accepted Answer

It is a long-acting insulin analogue

Answer

It is a premixed insulin

Answer

It is a rapid-acting insulin analogue

Question 43

Which class of diabetes medications primarily acts by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Answer

Biguanides

Answer

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists

Question 44

Metformin belongs to which class of oral diabetes medications?

Accepted Answer

Biguanides

Answer

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Meglitinides

Question 45

Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with thiazolidinediones?

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention

Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Nausea

Question 46

For a patient with type 1 diabetes, which type of insulin is recommended for providing basal coverage throughout the day?

Accepted Answer

Long-acting insulin analogues

Answer

Rapid-acting insulin analogues

Answer

Premixed insulin

Answer

Intermediate-acting insulin

Question 47

Which treatment is recommended as the first-line intervention for a patient with diabetes experiencing hypoglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Oral glucose

Answer

Insulin injection

Answer

Glucagon injection

Answer

Intravenous dextrose

Question 48

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes

Answer

Monogenic diabetes

Answer

Gestational diabetes

Answer

Type 2 diabetes

Question 49

Which class of diabetes medications primarily works by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin?

Accepted Answer

Sulfonylureas

Answer

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer

Thiazolidinediones

Answer

Biguanides

Question 50

A patient taking metformin for type 2 diabetes is at risk for which serious adverse effect?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acidosis

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 51

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of insulin therapy?

Accepted Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 52

When a patient is taking a thiazolidinedione, what should be closely monitored?

Accepted Answer

Fluid retention

Answer

Grapefruit juice consumption

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Food intake timing

Question 53

What is a key characteristic of GLP-1 receptor agonists used in diabetes management?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate insulin release and slow down stomach emptying.

Answer

They suppress glucagon secretion.

Answer

They enhance insulin sensitivity.

Question 54

While taking glipizide for type 2 diabetes, which food or beverage should be avoided?

Accepted Answer

Grapefruit juice

Answer

Dairy products

Answer

Fatty foods

Answer

Starchy vegetables

Question 55

What is a fundamental nursing intervention for a patient receiving insulin therapy?

Accepted Answer

Monitor blood glucose levels frequently.

Answer

Administer insulin intravenously.

Answer

Avoid physical activity.

Answer

Increase carbohydrate intake.

Question 56

What is a common side effect associated with acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal upset

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Elevated blood pressure

Question 57

A patient with type 1 diabetes is hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis. Which medication is the primary treatment in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Answer

Metformin

Answer

Glipizide

Answer

Acarbose