Breast Cancer: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management for Nurses

Question 1

Indicate the risk factors associated with breast cancer:

Accepted Answer

Nulliparity

Accepted Answer

Early menarche

Accepted Answer

Late menopause

Accepted Answer

Obesity

Question 2

What is considered the primary risk factor for developing breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Family history

Answer

Age

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Alcohol consumption

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Unexplained weight loss

Answer

Breast lump

Answer

Skin changes

Answer

Nipple discharge

Question 4

What is the primary mechanism by which trastuzumab exerts its therapeutic effect?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of the HER2 receptor

Answer

Inhibition of the EGFR receptor

Answer

Activation of the immune system

Answer

Enhancement of DNA repair

Question 5

The most common type of breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Answer

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Answer

Inflammatory breast cancer

Answer

Paget disease

Question 6

The gold standard diagnostic test for breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Biopsy

Answer

Mammography

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 7

A hormonal therapy commonly used to treat breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Trastuzumab

Answer

Bevacizumab

Answer

Pertuzumab

Question 8

The primary goal of palliative care for patients with advanced breast cancer is to:

Accepted Answer

Manage symptoms and improve quality of life

Answer

Cure the disease

Answer

Prolong life

Answer

Prevent recurrence

Question 9

Which of these is **least** likely to be a symptom of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Chest pain

Answer

A lump in the breast

Answer

Nipple discharge

Answer

Skin dimpling

Question 10

What is the primary objective of breast cancer screening programs?

Accepted Answer

Early detection of breast cancer

Answer

Prevention of breast cancer

Answer

Management of breast cancer symptoms

Answer

Prognosis of breast cancer

Question 11

For patients with early-stage breast cancer, which of the following is typically considered a first-line treatment option?

Accepted Answer

Lumpectomy

Answer

Mastectomy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Question 12

Tamoxifen is a commonly used medication in breast cancer treatment. What is its primary mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of estrogen production

Answer

Stimulation of estrogen production

Answer

Inhibition of progesterone production

Answer

Stimulation of progesterone production

Question 13

After completing primary treatment for breast cancer, what is the recommended frequency of follow-up appointments?

Accepted Answer

Every 3 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years

Answer

Every 6 months for 5 years

Answer

Every year for 10 years

Answer

Every 2 years for life

Question 14

What is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases?

Accepted Answer

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Answer

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Answer

Triple-negative breast cancer

Answer

Inflammatory breast cancer

Question 15

Identify the clinical manifestation of breast cancer that is often the first noticeable sign:

Accepted Answer

Breast lump

Answer

Nipple discharge

Answer

Skin changes

Answer

Pain

Question 16

In the management of early-stage breast cancer, what is the initial and most common treatment approach?

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Hormonal therapy

Question 17

Which of the following medications belongs to the class of aromatase inhibitors, commonly used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Anastrozole

Answer

Trastuzumab

Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Bevacizumab

Question 18

Among the potential metastatic sites of breast cancer, which is the most frequent?

Accepted Answer

Bone

Answer

Lung

Answer

Liver

Answer

Brain

Question 19

Genetic testing in breast cancer primarily serves which of the following purposes?

Accepted Answer

Combination of all the above

Answer

Identification of individuals with an increased risk

Answer

Guidance in treatment decision-making

Answer

Prognosis prediction

Question 20

To prevent infection after breast cancer surgery, which nursing intervention is crucial?

Accepted Answer

Encouraging frequent handwashing by both the patient and healthcare providers

Answer

Administering prophylactic antibiotics to the patient

Question 21

According to contemporary guidelines, which screening regimen is recommended for women at average risk of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Annual mammograms starting at age 40, supplemented by clinical breast exams every one to three years

Answer

Annual mammograms starting at age 45

Answer

Clinical breast exams every three years for women 20 years and older

Answer

Monthly self-breast exams for all women

Question 22

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Increasing age

Answer

Minimal alcohol consumption

Answer

Moderate smoking

Answer

Low physical activity

Question 23

Which imaging technique is the most effective for detecting early-stage breast cancer in asymptomatic women?

Accepted Answer

Mammography

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Ultrasound

Question 24

Which of the following medications is considered first-line therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Fulvestrant

Answer

Pertuzumab

Answer

Trastuzumab

Question 25

What is the primary objective of palliative care for patients with breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Enhancing quality of life

Answer

Curing the cancer

Answer

Extending life expectancy

Answer

Preventing disease recurrence

Question 26

Which of the following genetic mutations is strongly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

BRCA1

Answer

EGFR

Answer

KRAS

Answer

TP53

Question 27

Which of the following is recommended for routine follow-up of breast cancer patients who have completed primary treatment?

Accepted Answer

Regular mammograms and clinical examinations

Answer

Monthly blood tests

Answer

Annual CT scans

Answer

No follow-up is necessary

Question 28

Which of the following is a modifiable lifestyle factor that can reduce the risk of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a healthy weight

Answer

Age

Answer

Family history of breast cancer

Question 29

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for developing breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Family history of breast cancer

Answer

Moderate alcohol consumption

Answer

Obesity

Answer

Physical activity

Question 30

What is the most common clinical manifestation of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Breast lump or thickening

Answer

Nipple discharge

Answer

Skin discoloration

Answer

Breast pain (mastalgia)

Question 31

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for detecting breast cancer at an early stage?

Accepted Answer

Mammogram

Answer

Breast ultrasound

Answer

Breast MRI

Answer

Biopsy

Question 32

Which of the following is a type of breast cancer surgery that aims to remove the tumor while preserving the breast?

Accepted Answer

Lumpectomy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Mastectomy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 33

Which of the following is a first-line pharmacological treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen

Answer

Bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic therapy)

Answer

Pembrolizumab (immunotherapy)

Answer

Trastuzumab (HER2-targeted therapy)

Question 34

What is the primary objective of chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

To reduce tumor size and spread

Answer

To eliminate the cancer cells completely

Answer

To alleviate symptoms associated with the cancer

Answer

To improve the patient's quality of life

Question 35

What is the primary purpose of genetic testing in breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

To identify individuals with an inherited predisposition to the disease

Answer

To predict the prognosis of the disease

Answer

To determine the most effective treatment options

Question 36

The most common initial clinical presentation of breast cancer is:

Accepted Answer

A painless lump in the breast or thickening of breast tissue

Answer

Skin changes over the breast

Answer

Nipple discharge

Answer

Breast pain

Question 37

Which imaging technique is considered the primary diagnostic tool for detecting breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Mammogram

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Biopsy

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 38

The primary objective of systemic therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, targeted therapy) in breast cancer management is to:

Accepted Answer

Reduce the size and spread of the cancer

Answer

Completely eliminate the cancer

Answer

Improve the patient's overall quality of life

Answer

Control symptoms related to the cancer

Question 39

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of hormone therapy in the treatment of breast cancer?

Accepted Answer

Blocking the growth of hormone-receptor-positive tumors

Answer

Preventing the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

Answer

Stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells

Question 40

A key nursing intervention for patients undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer is to:

Accepted Answer

Monitor for and manage skin reactions

Answer

Provide emotional support and counseling

Answer

Encourage increased fluid intake

Answer

Teach relaxation techniques

Question 41

Early detection of breast cancer is crucial because it:

Accepted Answer

Increases the chances of successful treatment and improved survival

Answer

Lowers the risk of developing metastatic disease

Answer

Reduces the need for extensive and invasive treatment

Answer

Improves the patient's quality of life

Question 42

Which of the following is a type of breast reconstruction surgery?

Accepted Answer

Implant-based reconstruction

Answer

Hormone therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Question 43

In breast cancer care, the role of a nurse practitioner includes:

Accepted Answer

Providing comprehensive care, including assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up

Answer

Prescribing all medications

Answer

Performing surgical procedures