Quantitative Data Analysis for Advanced Nursing Research: Master Statistical Methods

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 2

When using a t-test, what assumption is made about the population distribution?

Accepted Answer

Normal distribution

Answer

Skewed distribution

Answer

Binomial distribution

Answer

Poisson distribution

Question 3

What is the primary purpose of a regression analysis?

Accepted Answer

Predict the value of one variable based on another

Answer

Identify relationships between variables

Answer

Describe the distribution of a variable

Answer

Compare groups based on categorical variables

Question 4

Which of the following is a type of sampling bias that occurs when certain individuals are less likely to participate in a study?

Accepted Answer

Non-response bias

Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Response bias

Answer

Sampling error

Question 5

What is the key distinction between a parameter and a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A parameter is a characteristic of a population, while a statistic is a characteristic of a sample

Answer

A parameter is a characteristic of a sample, while a statistic is a characteristic of a population

Answer

A parameter is always known, while a statistic is estimated

Answer

A statistic is always known, while a parameter is estimated

Question 6

During hypothesis testing, what does the significance level represent?

Accepted Answer

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Answer

The probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Answer

The probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis

Answer

The probability of rejecting the alternative hypothesis

Question 7

What is the primary distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics make inferences about a population

Answer

Inferential statistics summarize data, while descriptive statistics make inferences about a population

Answer

Descriptive statistics are used to describe a sample, while inferential statistics are used to describe a population

Answer

Inferential statistics are used to describe a sample, while descriptive statistics are used to describe a population

Question 8

What is the primary function of a research hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

To test a relationship between variables

Answer

To predict the outcome of a study

Answer

To explain the results of a study

Answer

To describe the characteristics of a sample

Question 9

Which type of data is NOT suitable for analysis using quantitative methods?

Accepted Answer

Qualitative data

Answer

Continuous data

Answer

Categorical data

Answer

Ordinal data

Question 10

Which measure is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 11

What statistical test is used to compare the means of two independent groups?

Accepted Answer

T-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

Regression analysis

Question 12

What is the main purpose of regression analysis?

Accepted Answer

To determine the relationship between two or more variables

Answer

To compare two or more groups

Answer

To describe the distribution of data

Answer

To test the significance of a hypothesis

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric statistical test?

Accepted Answer

Mann-Whitney U test

Answer

T-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

ANOVA

Question 14

What is the distinction between a population and a sample?

Accepted Answer

A population comprises all members of a group, while a sample is a subset of that population.

Answer

A sample represents all members of a group, while a population is a subset of that sample.

Answer

A population refers to the mean of a group, while a sample is the variance of that group.

Answer

A sample refers to the mean of a group, while a population is the variance of that group.

Question 15

What is the primary purpose of a pilot study?

Accepted Answer

To assess the feasibility and refine the methods of a research study

Answer

To collect a large amount of data for analysis

Answer

To test the effectiveness of an experimental intervention

Answer

To determine the sample size required for a larger study

Question 16

Which of the following measures the tendency of a set of numerical data to spread out over a range?

Accepted Answer

Variance

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 17

A research study uses a sample size of 120 participants. The population size is 1,200. What is the approximate sampling error for this study?

Accepted Answer

±2.8%

Answer

±5%

Answer

±10%

Answer

±15%

Question 18

Which of the following is a type of validity that refers to the extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure?

Accepted Answer

Construct validity

Answer

Internal validity

Answer

External validity

Answer

Statistical validity

Question 19

Which of the following is a type of reliability that refers to the consistency of measurements obtained from the same instrument or method over time?

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability

Answer

Inter-rater reliability

Answer

Intra-rater reliability

Answer

Split-half reliability

Question 20

In quantitative data collection using surveys, which ethical principles are paramount?

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality, Voluntariness, and Anonymity

Answer

Data accuracy, Privacy, and Fairness

Answer

Informed consent, Beneficence, and Justice

Answer

Anonymity, Confidentiality, and Data security

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 22

What type of statistical test is most appropriate for examining the differences between the means of two independent groups?

Accepted Answer

t-test

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

Regression analysis

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of a scatterplot?

Accepted Answer

To visualize the relationship between two variables

Answer

To calculate the mean of a dataset

Answer

To test for statistical significance

Answer

To create a histogram

Question 24

What is a descriptive statistic that measures the average value of a quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Correlation

Answer

T-test

Question 25

Which type of statistical test is used to determine if there is a significant difference between two or more groups?

Accepted Answer

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Answer

T-test

Answer

Regression analysis

Answer

Factor analysis

Question 26

What is the key difference between a variable and a constant in statistics?

Accepted Answer

A variable can change, while a constant cannot

Answer

A constant can change, while a variable cannot

Answer

There is no difference between a variable and a constant

Answer

Variables are qualitative, while constants are quantitative

Question 27

What is the distinction between a hypothesis and a theory in quantitative research?

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a specific prediction derived from a theory

Answer

A theory is a specific prediction derived from a hypothesis

Answer

There is no distinction between a hypothesis and a theory

Answer

Hypotheses are quantitative, while theories are qualitative

Question 28

In hypothesis testing, what does the assumption of independence mean?

Accepted Answer

Observations in the sample are not related to each other

Answer

Observations are equally represented in all groups

Answer

Observations follow a normal distribution

Question 29

In a regression analysis, what does the R-squared value represent?

Accepted Answer

The proportion of variation in the dependent variable explained by the independent variables

Answer

The significance of each independent variable in the model

Answer

The standard error of the residuals

Answer

The predicted value of the dependent variable for a given value of the independent variables

Question 30

Which of the following is not a type of regression analysis?

Accepted Answer

Cluster analysis

Answer

Linear regression

Answer

Logistic regression

Answer

Poisson regression

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a type of descriptive statistic?

Accepted Answer

Correlation coefficient

Answer

Mean

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Variance

Question 32

What is the primary purpose of an inferential statistical test?

Accepted Answer

To make inferences about a population based on a sample

Answer

To summarize data and describe its central tendency

Answer

To predict future outcomes

Answer

To confirm a hypothesis

Question 33

Which regression analysis method is appropriate when the dependent variable is categorical?

Accepted Answer

Logistic regression

Answer

Linear regression

Answer

ANOVA

Answer

MANOVA

Question 34

What is the fundamental difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests assume a normal distribution, while non-parametric tests do not

Answer

Non-parametric tests are more powerful than parametric tests

Answer

Parametric tests are always appropriate, while non-parametric tests are not

Answer

Non-parametric tests are used only for small sample sizes

Question 35

Which of the following measures the strength of association between two continuous variables?

Accepted Answer

Correlation coefficient

Answer

Regression coefficient

Answer

Odds ratio

Answer

Chi-square

Question 36

What is the role of the null hypothesis in a statistical test?

Accepted Answer

It represents the assumed outcome that is tested

Answer

It represents the researcher's hypothesis

Answer

It is always true

Answer

It is always false

Question 37

What is the primary aim of conducting a power analysis in quantitative research?

Accepted Answer

To determine the appropriate sample size for a study

Answer

To calculate the probability of a Type I error

Answer

To estimate the effect size of the study

Answer

To ensure that the research question is feasible

Question 38

Which ethical principle is of utmost importance in quantitative research?

Accepted Answer

Respect for persons

Answer

Justice

Answer

Beneficence

Answer

Non-maleficence

Question 39

Which measure of central tendency is influenced the most by outliers?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 40

A study yielded a p-value of 0.03. Given a significance level of 0.05, what should the researcher conclude?

Accepted Answer

Reject the null hypothesis.

Answer

Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer

The results are inconclusive.

Question 41

Which assumption underlies most parametric statistical tests?

Accepted Answer

The data is normally distributed.

Answer

The data is not normally distributed.

Answer

The variables are independent.

Answer

The sample size is large.

Question 42

What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

Accepted Answer

Summarize and describe a dataset

Answer

Predict future outcomes

Answer

Test hypotheses

Answer

Estimate population parameters

Question 43

Which of the following tests is an example of a non-parametric statistical test?

Accepted Answer

Mann-Whitney U test

Answer

t-test

Answer

Linear regression

Answer

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 44

Which measure quantifies the spread or variability within a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mode

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Question 45

What is the purpose of a power analysis in quantitative research?

Accepted Answer

Determine the minimum sample size required to achieve a desired statistical power.

Answer

Summarize and describe a dataset

Answer

Test hypotheses