Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Advanced Concepts for Nursing Practice

Question 1

Which enzyme is NOT involved in drug metabolism?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

Glucuronyltransferase

Answer

CYP2D6

Question 2

The elimination half-life of a drug is the time it takes for:

Accepted Answer

The concentration of the drug in the body to decrease by 50%

Answer

The concentration of the drug in the blood to reach its maximum

Question 3

Which type of curve typically describes the relationship between drug concentration and response?

Accepted Answer

Sigmoid curve

Answer

Bell-shaped curve

Answer

Linear curve

Answer

Exponential curve

Question 4

Which pharmacokinetic parameter is most useful for optimizing drug dosing regimens?

Accepted Answer

Clearance

Answer

Absorption rate constant

Answer

Half-life

Answer

Volume of distribution

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a recognized category of drug interaction?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral

Answer

Pharmacokinetic

Answer

Pharmacodynamic

Answer

Synergistic

Question 6

What's the main goal of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in clinical practice?

Accepted Answer

Measure drug levels to check effectiveness and adjust doses for best results.

Answer

Find out if someone is abusing drugs.

Answer

Watch for side effects from medications.

Question 7

How does a drug's volume of distribution impact its plasma concentration?

Accepted Answer

Higher volume of distribution leads to lower plasma concentration

Answer

Higher volume of distribution leads to higher plasma concentration

Answer

Volume of distribution has no effect on plasma concentration

Answer

Plasma concentration is directly proportional to volume of distribution

Question 8

How do competitive antagonism and allosteric modulation differ in their effects on drug-receptor interactions?

Accepted Answer

Competitive antagonism reduces drug-receptor affinity, while allosteric modulation enhances it.

Answer

Competitive antagonism enhances drug-receptor affinity, while allosteric modulation reduces it.

Answer

Both competitive antagonism and allosteric modulation decrease drug-receptor affinity.

Answer

Both competitive antagonism and allosteric modulation enhance drug-receptor affinity.

Question 9

The volume of distribution (Vd) indicates:

Accepted Answer

The degree of drug distribution throughout the body

Answer

The rate of drug metabolism

Answer

The amount of drug excreted in urine

Question 10

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for drug metabolism in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

Acetylcholinesterase

Answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer

Monoamine oxidase

Question 11

Renal clearance measures:

Accepted Answer

The rate of drug removal from the blood by the kidneys

Answer

The half-life of the drug

Answer

The amount of drug bound to plasma proteins

Question 12

Which drug class antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors competitively?

Accepted Answer

Propranolol

Answer

Salbutamol

Answer

Lisinopril

Answer

Digoxin

Question 13

A full agonist:

Accepted Answer

Produces the maximal response at a receptor

Answer

Inhibits the binding of other agonists to the receptor

Answer

Binds to the receptor without activating it

Question 14

The therapeutic index (TI) represents:

Accepted Answer

The ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose

Answer

The volume of distribution of the drug

Answer

The half-life of the drug

Answer

The amount of drug excreted in urine

Question 15

A potential adverse effect of opioid analgesics is:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory depression

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Tachycardia

Answer

Diarrhea

Question 16

Which among the following factors does NOT affect drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Patient's age

Answer

Gastric pH

Answer

Surface area of the absorption site

Answer

Blood supply to the absorption site

Question 17

Which physiological process is responsible for the elimination of drugs from the body?

Accepted Answer

Metabolism and excretion

Answer

Protein binding and ionization

Answer

Transport and storage

Answer

Absorption and distribution

Question 18

Which of the following accurately describes a drug with a high volume of distribution?

Accepted Answer

Widely distributed throughout the body

Answer

Poorly bound to plasma proteins

Answer

Rapidly eliminated from the body

Answer

High clearance rate

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms plays a crucial role in drug metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Answer

Passive diffusion

Answer

Glomerular filtration

Question 20

Which of the following is a potential consequence of drug interactions?

Accepted Answer

Altered efficacy or increased toxicity

Answer

Reduced drug excretion

Answer

Increased drug absorption

Answer

Enhanced drug metabolism

Question 21

Which of the following parameters is used to quantify the rate of drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Bioavailability

Answer

Clearance

Answer

Volume of distribution

Answer

Half-life

Question 22

Which of the following factors is critical in determining drug efficacy?

Accepted Answer

Drug concentration at the receptor site

Answer

Drug elimination rate

Answer

Drug absorption rate

Answer

Drug binding to plasma proteins

Question 23

Which of the following is a measure of the intensity of a drug's effect?

Accepted Answer

Emax

Answer

EC50

Answer

Vd

Answer

Tmax

Question 24

Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Plasma protein binding

Answer

Patient's age

Answer

Route of administration

Answer

Drug formulation

Question 25

The process by which a drug is converted into a more water-soluble form for elimination is known as:

Accepted Answer

Metabolism

Answer

Excretion

Answer

Distribution

Answer

Absorption

Question 26

Which of the following is the primary pathway of drug excretion?

Accepted Answer

Renal excretion

Answer

Biliary excretion

Answer

Pulmonary excretion

Answer

Gastrointestinal excretion

Question 27

The volume of distribution (Vd) represents:

Accepted Answer

The apparent volume of fluid in which a drug appears to be distributed

Answer

The concentration of a drug in plasma

Answer

The rate at which a drug is absorbed

Question 28

The bioavailability of a drug refers to the:

Accepted Answer

Fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

Answer

Rate at which a drug is absorbed

Answer

Concentration of a drug in plasma

Question 29

The therapeutic window of a drug is the range of concentrations that:

Accepted Answer

Produces desired therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse effects

Answer

Causes toxic effects

Answer

Produces no therapeutic effects

Question 30

The receptor occupancy theory proposes that:

Accepted Answer

The effect of a drug is directly proportional to the proportion of receptors occupied

Answer

Drugs bind to receptors non-competitively

Answer

Drugs bind to receptors competitively

Question 31

Which of the following is the primary route of drug absorption?

Accepted Answer

Gastrointestinal tract

Answer

Intradermal injection

Answer

Intravenous infusion

Answer

Inhalation

Question 32

The volume of distribution is a measure of the:

Accepted Answer

Apparent volume of body fluid in which the drug is distributed

Answer

Half Life of drug

Answer

Rate of drug elimination

Question 33

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the majority of drug metabolism in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450

Answer

Glucuronyl transferase

Answer

Acetylcholine esterase

Answer

Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases

Question 34

The half-life of a drug is the time required for the:

Accepted Answer

Concentration of the drug in the body to decrease by 50%

Answer

Drug to reach its peak concentration

Answer

Drug to be absorbed completely

Question 35

The clearance of a drug is the measure of:

Accepted Answer

Rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body

Answer

Volume of distribution of the drug

Answer

Concentration of the drug in the blood

Answer

Half-life of the drug

Question 36

The volume of distribution of a drug is a reflection of its:

Accepted Answer

Apparent volume in which the drug distributes

Answer

Concentration of the drug in the blood

Answer

Amount of drug in circulation

Answer

Actual volume in which the drug distributes

Question 37

A limitation of using plasma drug concentrations to monitor drug therapy is that:

Accepted Answer

Plasma concentrations may not reflect tissue concentrations

Answer

Plasma concentrations are easily measured

Answer

Plasma concentrations are highly correlated with drug effect

Question 38

The steady-state concentration of a drug is achieved when:

Accepted Answer

The elimination rate matches the administration rate

Answer

The absorption rate equals the distribution rate

Answer

The concentration in the blood is at its peak

Question 39

Which of the following drugs is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system?

Accepted Answer

Warfarin

Answer

Heparin

Answer

Enoxaparin

Answer

Insulin

Question 40

The bioavailability of a drug is a measure of the:

Accepted Answer

Fraction of the administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

Answer

Extent of drug distribution

Answer

Rate of drug absorption