Thyroid Gland: Structure, Function, and Disorders - Physiology Quiz

Question 1

The primary hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is:

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer

Calcitonin

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 2

The primary stimulus for the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is:

Accepted Answer

Low levels of T4 in blood

Answer

High levels of T4 in blood

Answer

High levels of TSH in blood

Question 3

Which of the following is a common cause of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Thyroid cancer

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Question 4

The characteristic clinical feature of Graves' disease is:

Accepted Answer

Exophthalmos

Answer

Myxedema

Answer

Goiter

Answer

Bradycardia

Question 5

The primary function of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland is to:

Accepted Answer

Store thyroid hormones

Answer

Synthesize thyroid hormones

Answer

Regulate thyroid hormone secretion

Answer

Transport thyroid hormones in the blood

Question 6

A common clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism is:

Accepted Answer

Weight loss

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Constipation

Answer

Lethargy

Question 7

The first-line treatment for Graves' disease is typically:

Accepted Answer

Antithyroid medications

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Answer

Beta-blockers

Question 8

Which hormone is primarily secreted by the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Glucagon

Answer

Cortisol

Question 9

In which anatomical region is the thyroid gland situated?

Accepted Answer

Neck

Answer

Chest

Answer

Abdomen

Answer

Pelvis

Question 10

Which hormone exerts regulatory control over the secretion of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer

Prolactin

Question 11

What is the primary physiological effect of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Elevation of metabolic rate

Answer

Stimulation of growth and development

Answer

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer

Enhancement of immune function

Question 12

What is the most prevalent cause of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Pituitary tumor

Answer

Thyroid surgery

Question 13

Which component is NOT present in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer

Thyroglobulin

Answer

Iodine transporter (NIS)

Answer

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

Question 14

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating thyroid hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Dopamine

Question 15

Which clinical manifestation is NOT associated with hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthermia

Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Increased heart rate

Answer

Muscle weakness

Question 16

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is a diagnostic test that examines which aspect of thyroid function?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid iodine metabolism

Answer

Thyroid gland size

Answer

Thyroid hormone production

Answer

Thyroid blood flow

Question 17

What is the most prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Toxic nodular goiter

Answer

Subacute thyroiditis

Answer

Silent thyroiditis

Question 18

Which complication is a potential risk of untreated hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid storm

Answer

Congestive heart failure

Answer

Myxedema coma

Answer

Hypoglycemia

Question 19

For a patient with Graves' disease receiving antithyroid drugs, which adverse effect is a priority for the healthcare provider to monitor?

Accepted Answer

Agranulocytosis

Answer

Liver failure

Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 20

During embryonic development, from which structure does the thyroid gland primarily originate?

Accepted Answer

Pharyngeal pouches

Answer

Dorsal aorta

Answer

Neural crest

Answer

Somites

Question 21

Which thyroid hormone plays the dominant role in raising metabolic rate?

Accepted Answer

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Calcitonin

Question 22

In the management of thyroid disorders, which principle governs the use of radioactive iodine?

Accepted Answer

Selective uptake by thyroid follicular cells

Answer

Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis

Answer

Stimulation of thyroid hormone release

Question 23

Which of the following is the primary hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 24

Which of these hormones stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Growth hormone

Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer

Prolactin

Question 25

Which of the following is characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Question 26

Which of the following symptoms is associated with hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain

Answer

Insomnia

Answer

Hyperactivity

Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 27

What is the iodine-containing protein produced by thyroid follicular cells?

Accepted Answer

Thyroglobulin

Answer

Albumin

Answer

Hemoglobin

Answer

Myoglobin

Question 28

Which of the following imaging techniques is commonly used to visualize the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid ultrasound

Answer

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 29

Which pituitary hormone inhibits the secretion of TSH?

Accepted Answer

Somatostatin

Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Answer

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 30

Which of the following is a potential complication following thyroid surgery?

Accepted Answer

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer

Pituitary adenoma

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Question 31

Which pituitary hormone directly stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 32

Which hormone triggers the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer

Somatotropin

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Answer

Calcitonin

Question 33

Identify the potential adverse effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy and outline the monitoring parameters crucial for ensuring safe and effective treatment.

Accepted Answer

Excessive thyroid hormone levels may lead to osteoporosis, atrial fibrillation, and thyrotoxicosis, necessitating regular monitoring of thyroid function tests.

Answer

Periodic evaluation of thyroid function tests, including TSH and free T4 levels, is not required during thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Answer

Clinical assessments, such as monitoring heart rate and weight, are not necessary during thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

Question 34

Which of the following is the primary hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone (T4)

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Calcitonin

Answer

Estrogen

Question 35

The regulation of thyroid hormone secretion involves a negative feedback loop. Which of the following structures primarily regulates this loop?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary gland

Answer

Thyroid gland

Answer

Pancreas

Answer

Adrenal gland

Question 36

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 37

Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, can result from a deficiency of:

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Calcium

Answer

Potassium

Question 38

Which of the following conditions is characterized by increased thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Answer

Hypothyroidism

Answer

Cushing's syndrome

Answer

Addison's disease

Question 39

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue and weight gain

Answer

Increased heart rate and sweating

Answer

Increased appetite and sleep disturbances

Answer

Eye protrusion and weight loss

Question 40

The thyroid gland is critical for fetal development. Which of the following is a potential outcome of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Cretinism

Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Answer

Precocious puberty

Answer

Gigantism

Question 41

Which component of the thyroid gland is responsible for synthesizing and storing thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid follicular cells

Answer

Endothelial cells

Answer

Parafollicular cells

Answer

Smooth muscle cells

Question 42

Which laboratory test is commonly used to assess thyroid gland function?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid function tests (TFTs)

Answer

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer

Renal function tests (RFTs)

Question 43

Autoimmune disorders can affect the thyroid gland. Which of the following autoimmune conditions results in the underproduction of thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer

Addison's disease

Answer

Graves' disease

Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Question 44

Which hormone primarily regulates metabolic rate in the body?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 45

Identify the negative feedback loop regulating thyroid hormone secretion.

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer

Adrenal axis

Answer

Somatotropic axis

Question 46

Which is NOT a typical symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Lethargy

Answer

Elevated heart rate

Answer

Weight loss

Question 47

Which treatment option is employed for hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Levothyroxine replacement therapy

Answer

Anti-thyroid medication

Answer

Radioactive iodine therapy

Answer

Surgery

Question 48

Where is the thyroid gland primarily situated?

Accepted Answer

Anterior neck

Answer

Posterior mediastinum

Answer

Abdominal cavity

Answer

Pelvic cavity

Question 49

Which protein carries thyroid hormone in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-binding globulin

Answer

Transthyretin

Answer

Haptoglobin

Answer

Albumin

Question 50

What is a potential risk factor for thyroid cancer?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to ionizing radiation

Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Obesity