Common Childhood Infections: Etiology, Presentation, and Management

Question 1

Which pathogen is the predominant cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than five years old?

Accepted Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Question 2

Which clinical sign is most indicative of bronchiolitis in a young child?

Accepted Answer

Wheezing

Answer

Crackles

Answer

Cough

Answer

Sneezing

Question 3

For a non-critically ill child with acute otitis media, the initial treatment regimen includes:

Accepted Answer

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

Answer

Cefuroxime

Answer

Azithromycin

Answer

Clindamycin

Question 4

The recommended treatment approach for a child with uncomplicated impetigo is:

Accepted Answer

Topical antibiotics

Answer

Oral antibiotics

Answer

Antiseptic wash

Answer

Warm compresses

Question 5

The primary mode of transmission for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is through:

Accepted Answer

Contact with respiratory droplets

Answer

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Answer

Ingestion of contaminated food

Answer

Inhalation of airborne particles

Question 6

In children, the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is:

Accepted Answer

Amoxicillin

Answer

Nitrofurantoin

Answer

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Answer

Ciprofloxacin

Question 7

Which clinical presentation is NOT typically associated with Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Polyarthritis

Answer

Fever

Answer

Strawberry tongue

Answer

Conjunctivitis

Question 8

Which of the following is an atypical symptom of acute gastroenteritis in children?

Accepted Answer

Rash

Answer

Vomiting

Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Fever

Question 9

A 2-month-old infant has a fever, cough, and trouble breathing for the past 4 days. During the exam, wheezing and crackles are heard in the lungs. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Bronchiolitis

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Croup

Question 10

Which of the following viruses is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory syncytial virus

Answer

Influenza virus

Answer

Parainfluenza virus

Answer

Adenovirus

Question 11

Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of rotavirus infection?

Accepted Answer

Watery diarrhea

Answer

Bloody diarrhea

Answer

Fever

Answer

Vomiting

Question 12

The treatment of choice for impetigo is:

Accepted Answer

Topical antibiotics

Answer

Oral antibiotics

Answer

Antiviral medication

Answer

Antifungal medication

Question 13

Which vaccine is recommended for the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella?

Accepted Answer

MMR vaccine

Answer

DTaP vaccine

Answer

Hib vaccine

Answer

Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 14

In a child with suspected bacterial meningitis, which test is most useful for confirming the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrospinal fluid culture

Answer

Blood culture

Answer

Head CT scan

Answer

MRI of the brain

Question 15

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at what age should all infants receive the rotavirus vaccine?

Accepted Answer

2, 4, 6 months of age

Answer

4, 6, 8 months of age

Answer

6, 8, 12 months of age

Answer

12, 15, 18 months of age

Question 16

For a child with uncomplicated gastroenteritis, which management approach is recommended?

Accepted Answer

Oral rehydration therapy, monitoring, and symptom relief

Answer

Intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and anti-nausea medications

Answer

Bowel rest, anti-spasm medications, and antibiotics

Answer

Oral rehydration therapy alone

Question 17

Children younger than 5 years of age most commonly develop pneumonia due to an infection by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Answer

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 18

A 6-month-old infant with a fever and cough exhibits diffuse wheezing upon chest auscultation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Bronchiolitis

Answer

Pneumonia

Answer

Croup

Answer

Asthma

Question 19

Which vaccine is recommended for all children in the United States to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease?

Accepted Answer

Hib conjugate vaccine

Answer

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Answer

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine

Answer

Rotavirus vaccine

Question 20

What is the primary goal of vaccinating children against common childhood infections?

Accepted Answer

Develop immunity to infections

Answer

Reduce the severity of infections

Answer

Prevent the spread of disease

Answer

Cure childhood diseases

Question 21

Which of the following is the most frequent etiology of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Viruses

Answer

Bacteria

Answer

Fungi

Answer

Parasites

Question 22

A child presents with a fever, diarrhea, and dehydration. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Rotavirus

Answer

Salmonella

Answer

Shigella

Answer

Clostridioides difficile

Question 23

A 6-month-old infant develops a red, itchy rash on the diaper area with satellite lesions. Which of the following is the most common cause of diaper rash?

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Escherichia coli

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 24

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of hand, foot, and mouth disease?

Accepted Answer

Skin lesions on the palms, soles, and mouth

Answer

Fever and rash

Answer

Cough and coryza

Answer

Diarrhea and vomiting

Question 25

A 2-year-old child has a fever of 103°F (39.4°C), a stiff neck, and photophobia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Meningitis

Answer

Sepsis

Answer

Urinary tract infection

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 26

A 3-year-old child presents with a history of recurrent otitis media with hearing loss. Which of the following is an indication for tympanostomy tube placement?

Accepted Answer

More than 4 episodes of otitis media per year with hearing loss

Answer

More than 3 episodes of otitis media per year

Answer

More than 6 episodes of otitis media per year

Answer

More than 8 episodes of otitis media per year

Question 27

A 5-year-old child has a history of chronic cough and wheezing, which is worse at night and during exercise. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Asthma

Answer

Chronic bronchitis

Answer

Recurrent pneumonia

Answer

Cystic fibrosis

Question 28

Among the following symptoms, which is NOT typically encountered in children with the common cold?

Accepted Answer

Rash

Answer

Sore throat

Answer

Nasal congestion

Answer

Cough

Question 29

For the treatment of acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children, which antibiotic is recommended as the first-line therapy?

Accepted Answer

Amoxicillin

Answer

Ceftriaxone

Answer

Erythromycin

Answer

Azithromycin

Question 30

Which type of pneumonia is most commonly encountered in children?

Accepted Answer

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Answer

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)

Answer

Aspiration pneumonia

Answer

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Question 31

Among the causative agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children, which is the most prevalent?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Answer

Enterococcus faecalis

Answer

Proteus mirabilis

Answer

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 32

In the management of impetigo in children, which therapeutic approach is generally recommended?

Accepted Answer

Topical antibiotics

Answer

Antiviral medication

Answer

Oral antibiotics

Answer

Bed rest

Question 33

Which of the following symptoms is not part of the clinical presentation of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Maculopapular rash

Answer

Strawberry tongue

Answer

Desquamation of the hands and feet

Answer

Conjunctivitis

Question 34

In neonates, which microorganism is most commonly responsible for causing sepsis?

Accepted Answer

Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 35

Which clinical finding is a characteristic feature of bronchiolitis in children?

Accepted Answer

Cough

Answer

Skin rash

Answer

Vomiting

Answer

Jaundice

Question 36

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most prevalent cause of what common childhood infection?

Accepted Answer

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

Answer

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Answer

Impetigo

Answer

Bronchiolitis

Question 37

Which of the following symptoms is highly characteristic of bronchiolitis in children?

Accepted Answer

Wheezing

Answer

Vomiting

Answer

Persistent cough

Answer

Fever

Question 38

Cellulitis is a potential complication of which common childhood skin infection?

Accepted Answer

Impetigo

Answer

Tinea corporis

Answer

Molluscum contagiosum

Answer

Scabies

Question 39

Which of the following is a distinctive feature of the rash associated with rubella?

Accepted Answer

Maculopapular rash

Answer

Vesicular rash

Answer

Urticarial rash

Answer

Petechial rash

Question 40

The primary mode of transmission for mumps is through:

Accepted Answer

Respiratory droplets

Answer

Contact with infected secretions

Answer

Blood transfusion

Answer

Fecal-oral route

Question 41

Which of the following vaccines is recommended to prevent rotavirus infection?

Accepted Answer

RotaTeq or Rotarix

Answer

MMR vaccine

Answer

Hib vaccine

Answer

DTaP vaccine

Question 42

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for severe varicella infection in children?

Accepted Answer

Immunocompromised status

Answer

Age less than 1 year

Answer

History of atopy

Answer

Contact with a large number of cases

Question 43

What is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age?

Accepted Answer

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer

Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 44

A 2-year-old child presents with fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.  Auscultation reveals wheezing throughout the lungs. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Bronchiolitis

Answer

Croup

Answer

Asthma exacerbation

Answer

Pneumonia

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of gastroenteritis?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice

Answer

Diarrhea

Answer

Abdominal pain

Answer

Vomiting

Question 46

What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?

Accepted Answer

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Answer

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

Answer

Ciprofloxacin

Answer

Erythromycin

Question 47

What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of varicella zoster (chickenpox)?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination

Answer

Antiviral therapy

Answer

Hand hygiene

Answer

Isolation of infected individuals

Question 48

A 5-year-old child presents with a red, itchy rash on the face and trunk. The rash has fluid-filled blisters.  Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Varicella zoster (chickenpox)

Answer

Rubella (German measles)

Answer

Scarlet fever

Answer

Measles (Rubeola)

Question 49

Which of the following antibiotics is NOT typically used to treat otitis media in children?

Accepted Answer

Clindamycin

Answer

Amoxicillin

Answer

Cefdinir

Answer

Azithromycin

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of Kawasaki disease?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice

Answer

Fever

Answer

Conjunctivitis

Answer

Strawberry tongue