Adult Development: A Comprehensive Guide to Physical, Cognitive, and Social Changes

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which key concept is particularly relevant during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Question 2

Which of the following physical changes is commonly observed during late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone density and osteoporosis

Answer

Increased muscle mass and strength

Answer

Improved cardiovascular function

Answer

Heightened sensory perception

Question 3

Which hormone is known to play a key role in regulating sleep patterns in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Testosterone

Question 4

Based on the lecture material, what is the term for the process of adapting to the challenges and opportunities associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

Resilience

Answer

Coping

Answer

Self-efficacy

Answer

Growth mindset

Question 5

Which of the following interventions has been shown to be effective in promoting cognitive well-being in older adults?

Accepted Answer

A combination of the above

Answer

Cognitive training programs

Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Active social engagement

Question 6

Which theory of adult development places primary emphasis on cognitive changes?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Answer

Lewin's theory of field theory

Answer

Baltes' theory of selective optimization with compensation

Question 7

According to Erikson, the primary psychosocial crisis of young adulthood is:

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer

Generativity vs. stagnation

Answer

Intimacy vs. isolation

Answer

Integrity vs. despair

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of successful cognitive aging?

Accepted Answer

Preserving high levels of fluid intelligence

Answer

Experiencing declines in crystallized intelligence

Answer

Exhibiting cognitive rigidity

Answer

Losing the capacity to acquire new information

Question 9

The process of gradually withdrawing from social roles and activities is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Role exit

Answer

Social withdrawal

Answer

Aging in place

Answer

Activity theory

Question 10

The term 'gerotranscendence' refers to:

Accepted Answer

A spiritual transcendence of the fear of death

Answer

A regression to childlike behaviors

Answer

A decline in physical and cognitive abilities

Answer

An increase in social isolation

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing chronic pain

Answer

Feeling contentment with life

Answer

Maintaining physical and mental well-being

Answer

Having strong social support

Question 12

The term 'gerotranscendence' was coined by:

Accepted Answer

Laura Carstensen

Answer

Erik Erikson

Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer

Robert Havighurst

Question 13

During the emerging adulthood stage of development, individuals typically experience:

Accepted Answer

Identity exploration and instability

Answer

Established career and financial stability

Answer

Focus on raising a family

Answer

Physical and cognitive decline

Question 14

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that the primary conflict of middle adulthood is:

Accepted Answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer

Integrity vs. Despair

Question 15

Which of the following is a common physiological change associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

Reduced bone density

Answer

Increased muscle mass

Answer

Improved eyesight

Answer

Heightened hearing sensitivity

Question 16

Which theory of aging proposes that it results from genetically programmed cellular decline?

Accepted Answer

Programmed aging theory

Answer

Free radical theory

Answer

Wear and tear theory

Answer

Immunosenescence theory

Question 17

Which cognitive change is typical in middle adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Improved insight and wisdom

Answer

Increased fluidity in thinking

Answer

Enhanced working memory

Answer

Reduced susceptibility to new knowledge

Question 18

Which theory of aging proposes that accumulating biological changes progressively impair physical and cognitive abilities?

Accepted Answer

Theory of Cumulative Damage

Answer

Theory of Free Radicals

Answer

Theory of Programmed Aging

Answer

Theory of Epigenetic Clock

Question 19

Which factor does NOT contribute to successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Early retirement

Answer

Healthy lifestyle

Answer

Strong social bonds

Answer

Higher education

Question 20

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central objective of the intimacy versus isolation stage?

Accepted Answer

Forming intimate, enduring relationships

Answer

Establishing a sense of belonging

Answer

Gaining independence from caregivers

Answer

Discovering life's purpose and meaning

Question 21

What is the central focus of geropsychology?

Accepted Answer

The psychological aspects of aging

Answer

Elderly care and treatment

Answer

Aging-related social policies

Answer

Economic implications of aging

Question 22

Which physiological change during young adulthood directly contributes to peak physical performance?

Accepted Answer

Increased muscle mass and strength

Answer

Reduced flexibility

Answer

Decreased cardiovascular fitness

Question 23

In the study of adult development and aging, longitudinal research designs are commonly used. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of employing longitudinal research designs for this purpose.

Accepted Answer

Advantages: Provides detailed data over time; Disadvantages: Prone to attrition and cohort effects

Answer

Advantages: Cost-effective; Disadvantages: Limited applicability

Answer

Advantages: Captures individual growth; Disadvantages: Time-consuming and costly

Question 24

In late adulthood, which cognitive ability typically remains stable?

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Working memory

Question 25

Which theory suggests that adult development involves a series of sequential stages, each characterized by specific tasks and challenges?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Answer

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Question 26

According to the fluid and crystallized intelligence theory, which type of intelligence tends to decline with advancing age?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Spatial reasoning

Answer

Emotional intelligence

Question 27

What is the inclination for adults to associate primarily with similar others referred to as?

Accepted Answer

Social homogamy

Answer

Social mobility

Answer

Social isolation

Answer

Social conformity

Question 28

What term describes the gradual decline in learning and memory abilities as part of typical aging?

Accepted Answer

Age-related memory impairment

Answer

Dementia

Answer

Mild cognitive impairment

Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Question 29

What is the term for the process of accepting and finding meaning in the inevitability of one's own mortality?

Accepted Answer

Ego integrity

Answer

Ego identity

Answer

Ego resilience

Answer

Ego defense

Question 30

Which ethical and legal framework guides the care and treatment of older adults?

Accepted Answer

Geriatric ethics

Answer

Pediatric ethics

Answer

Neuroethics

Answer

Research ethics

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of successful aging, as defined by researchers?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining an active social life and meaningful relationships

Answer

Isolating oneself from others

Answer

Focusing solely on material possessions

Answer

Experiencing a decline in physical and cognitive abilities

Question 32

Which theory of adult development suggests that individuals progress through distinct stages, each with its own unique challenges and tasks?

Accepted Answer

Stage theory

Answer

Continuous development theory

Answer

Contextual development theory

Answer

Social learning theory

Question 33

Which cognitive change is typically NOT associated with middle adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced creativity and innovative thinking

Answer

Decline in episodic memory

Answer

Slower processing speed

Answer

Reduced working memory capacity

Question 34

The process of adjusting to the physical, cognitive, and social changes associated with aging is known as:

Accepted Answer

Adaptation

Answer

Accommodation

Answer

Transformation

Answer

Assimilation

Question 35

Which of the following is a common health risk associated with advancing age?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to chronic diseases

Answer

Reduced risk of falls and accidents

Answer

Improved cardiovascular health

Answer

Enhanced immune system functioning

Question 36

How does retirement typically impact older adults?

Accepted Answer

Provides increased leisure time and opportunities for social engagement

Answer

Negatively affects cognitive functioning and memory

Answer

Leads to a decline in overall well-being and life satisfaction

Answer

Results in decreased physical activity and social isolation

Question 37

Which intervention has been shown to be effective in improving cognitive function in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Regular participation in cognitive training programs

Answer

Engaging in social isolation and avoiding mentally stimulating activities

Answer

Medications specifically designed to enhance cognitive abilities

Answer

Increasing physical activity without focusing on cognitive exercises

Question 38

The concept of lifelong learning and development that occurs throughout adulthood is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Generativity

Answer

Ego integrity

Answer

Identity formation

Answer

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 39

According to Erik Erikson's theory, which of the following is a key aspect of successful aging?

Accepted Answer

Accepting one's mortality and finding meaning in life

Answer

Maintaining a youthful appearance and avoiding aging-related changes

Answer

Accumulating wealth and possessions as a measure of success

Answer

Avoiding conflict and responsibility in order to maintain a sense of peace

Question 40

Which of the following cognitive changes is characteristic of middle adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Increased crystallized intelligence and decreased fluid intelligence

Answer

Increased fluid intelligence and decreased crystallized intelligence

Answer

Decline in both fluid and crystallized intelligence

Question 41

Which of the following is a common social challenge faced by older adults in contemporary society?

Accepted Answer

Ageism

Answer

Discrimination based on gender

Answer

Discrimination based on race

Answer

Discrimination based on disability

Question 42

Which of the following is a potential benefit of intergenerational programs involving older adults and younger individuals?

Accepted Answer

Reduced loneliness and isolation

Answer

Increased financial burden

Answer

Increased risk of physical health problems

Answer

Decreased cognitive abilities

Question 43

Which of the following is a typical physical change associated with the aging process?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone density

Answer

Increased muscle mass

Answer

Improved cardiovascular health

Answer

Increased flexibility

Question 44

Which of the following is a known risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

Advanced age

Answer

High levels of physical activity

Answer

Healthy diet

Answer

Strong social network

Question 45

Which of the following is an effective strategy for promoting healthy aging?

Accepted Answer

Engaging in regular physical activity

Answer

Consuming excessive alcohol

Answer

Isolating oneself from social interactions

Answer

Smoking cigarettes

Question 46

Which of the following is a characteristic of late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Increased need for assistance with daily activities

Answer

Improved physical health

Answer

Increased cognitive abilities

Question 47

Which prominent theory proposes that adults progress through a series of distinct developmental stages, each characterized by specific tasks and challenges?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Answer

Rogers' Humanistic Theory

Answer

Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory

Answer

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Question 48

Approximately what is the age range for middle adulthood?

Accepted Answer

40-65

Answer

18-39

Answer

85+

Answer

65-85

Question 49

Which cognitive ability typically shows a decline with advancing age?

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence

Answer

Episodic memory

Answer

Crystallized intelligence

Answer

Working memory

Question 50

A common social challenge faced by older adults is:

Accepted Answer

Loneliness and isolation

Answer

Caring for young children

Answer

Finding meaningful work

Answer

Adapting to technological advancements

Question 51

The process of programmed cell death that leads to the loss of neurons in the brain with age is known as:

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Synaptogenesis

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Myelination

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

High socioeconomic status

Answer

Head injuries

Answer

Advanced age

Answer

Family history of the disease

Question 53

Regular exercise for older adults can provide benefits such as:

Accepted Answer

Improved cardiovascular health

Answer

Increased risk of falls

Answer

Faster cognitive decline

Answer

Reduced social interactions

Question 54

A key characteristic of successful aging is:

Accepted Answer

Maintaining cognitive and physical function

Answer

Focusing solely on material possessions

Answer

Retiring early

Answer

Isolating oneself from social activities