Data Analysis for Psychology: Master Statistical Methods and Regression

Question 1

Which of the following is a measure of variability, rather than a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 2

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency, rather than variability, in a numerical dataset?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Range

Answer

Variance

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 3

In data analysis, which value, when calculated, divides a dataset into two equal halves?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 4

In a set of numerical data, which measure represents the central value around which the data points tend to cluster?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Range

Answer

Standard Deviation

Answer

Median

Question 5

Which of the following is a measure of variability, not a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 6

What is the measure of the average value of a data set, calculated by dividing the sum of all observations by the number of observations?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Range

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Variance

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Range

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 8

In a research study, car age is measured on a continuous scale from 1 to 10 years. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to describe the average age of the cars?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Range

Question 9

Which of the following is a measure of how spread out the data is, rather than a measure of the center of the data?

Accepted Answer

Range

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 10

Which measure of central tendency remains unaffected by outliers in a data set?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency used to describe the 'average' value of a data set?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 12

Which measure of central tendency represents the average of a set of scores?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Skewness

Answer

Kurtosis

Question 13

Which of the following is a measure of variability, rather than central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Range

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 14

Which of the following is a measure of variability, rather than a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used type of data scale in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar

Answer

Nominal

Answer

Ordinal

Answer

Interval

Question 16

Which of the following is a measure of variability, rather than a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 17

When analyzing data with a skewed distribution, which measure of central tendency is the most reliable indicator of the typical value?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Question 18

Which of these is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Range

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 19

In a scatterplot with a positive correlation and a strong linear relationship, what is the relationship between variables X and Y?

Accepted Answer

X increases as Y increases.

Answer

X decreases as Y increases.

Answer

There is no relationship between X and Y.

Answer

Y decreases as X increases.

Question 20

In a study exploring the link between stress and academic performance, the researcher calculated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.45. What does this coefficient suggest?

Accepted Answer

A moderate positive correlation between stress and academic performance

Answer

A weak positive correlation between stress and academic performance

Answer

A strong positive correlation between stress and academic performance

Answer

A moderate negative correlation between stress and academic performance

Question 21

Which of the following is a measure of variability, rather than a measure of central tendency?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 22

In a study, researchers found a positive correlation between hours of sleep and academic performance. What does this correlation suggest?

Accepted Answer

As hours of sleep increase, academic performance tends to improve.

Answer

Improved academic performance leads to more hours of sleep.

Question 23

In hypothesis testing, which part of the sampling distribution results in the rejection of the null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The area where the p-value is lower than the alpha (significance) level

Answer

The area where the p-value is higher than the alpha (significance) level

Answer

The area where the p-value is equal to the alpha (significance) level

Question 24

Which statistical measure in data analysis quantifies the spread of data values around the mean, indicating the variability within a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Correlation coefficient

Answer

Median

Question 25

In hypothesis testing, what does the Type I error rate represent?

Accepted Answer

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Answer

The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false.

Answer

The likelihood of making any error in the research design.

Question 26

In hypothesis testing, what does a p-value lower than the significance level (alpha) suggest?

Accepted Answer

Reject the null hypothesis.

Answer

Accept the null hypothesis.

Answer

The results are inconclusive.

Question 27

In a research study, a researcher wants to find the average score on a math test. The data set is normally distributed. Which measure of central tendency would be most appropriate to use?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Range

Question 28

In ANOVA, what's the main purpose of the F statistic?

Accepted Answer

Determine the overall significance of the ANOVA model.

Answer

Calculate the effect size of the ANOVA model.

Answer

Identify groups that differ significantly.

Answer

Compute the p-value of the ANOVA model.

Question 29

What measure of central tendency represents the average value of a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Range

Question 30

Which measure of central tendency is used most frequently?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 31

In a dataset of survey responses, which data type allows you to categorize respondents into distinct groups, representing the most basic level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Nominal

Answer

Ordinal

Answer

Interval

Answer

Ratio

Question 32

In a skewed dataset, which measure of variability is most reliable and least affected by extreme values?

Accepted Answer

Interquartile range

Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Range

Question 33

When analyzing data with extreme values, which measure of central tendency best represents the typical value?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Question 34

When categorizing data into non-overlapping groups, like gender or ethnicity, which measurement scale is most suitable?

Accepted Answer

Nominal

Answer

Ordinal

Answer

Interval

Question 35

In hypothesis testing, how do sample size, effect size, and statistical power interact?

Accepted Answer

Larger sample sizes boost power, while smaller effect sizes weaken it.

Answer

Smaller sample sizes boost power, while larger effect sizes boost power.

Answer

Sample size and effect size don't affect power.

Answer

Power depends solely on the significance level (alpha).

Question 36

In psychological research, when analyzing positively skewed data, which measure of variability is most suitable?

Accepted Answer

Interquartile range (IQR)

Answer

Range

Answer

Variance

Question 37

In hypothesis testing, the critical region is the range of sample outcomes that lead to the:

Accepted Answer

Rejection of the null hypothesis

Answer

Acceptance of the null hypothesis

Answer

Calculation of the p-value

Answer

Determination of the confidence interval

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency used to describe the average value of a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Question 39

In correlation analysis, what does the effect size 'r' represent?

Accepted Answer

The strength of the relationship between two variables.

Answer

The likelihood of finding a significant correlation.

Answer

The number of participants in the study.

Answer

The direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 40

In hypothesis testing, what is the primary purpose of setting an alpha level (α)?

Accepted Answer

To control the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (Type I error) while minimizing the probability of accepting it when it is false (Type II error).

Answer

To ensure an adequate sample size for detecting a statistically significant difference.

Answer

To minimize the probability of a Type I error without considering the probability of a Type II error.

Answer

To establish the confidence level in the hypothesis test results, such as 95% or 99%.

Question 41

What is the primary objective of conducting a meta-analysis in psychology?

Accepted Answer

To combine findings from multiple studies, increasing the reliability of conclusions.

Answer

To identify weaknesses and limitations in individual studies.

Answer

To generate new research questions that have not been previously explored.

Answer

To confirm the results of a single study through multiple replications.

Question 42

In hypothesis testing, what is statistical power and how does it relate to sample size and effect size?

Accepted Answer

Statistical power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false, considering both sample size and effect size.

Answer

Statistical power depends solely on sample size, with larger sample sizes always leading to higher power.

Answer

Statistical power is inversely proportional to effect size, meaning smaller effect sizes result in higher power.

Question 43

Define factor analysis, explaining its purpose, methods, and applications in psychological research.

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that simplifies datasets by identifying a smaller group of underlying factors that explain most of the data's variation.

Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to test the significance of differences between groups.

Answer

Factor analysis is a technique used to identify outliers in a dataset.

Answer

Factor analysis is a form of regression analysis used to predict the value of a variable based on the values of other variables.

Question 44

In psychological research, which ethical principles are essential for researchers to follow when gathering and analyzing data?

Accepted Answer

Obtaining informed consent, safeguarding privacy, and ensuring data confidentiality.

Answer

Using only publicly available data to avoid ethical concerns.

Answer

Prioritizing research objectives over participant well-being.

Answer

Sharing data findings without considering participant privacy.

Question 45

What is the definition of effect size?

Accepted Answer

The size of the difference between groups or the strength of a relationship

Answer

The probability of getting the results by chance

Answer

The direction of the difference between groups or the type of relationship

Answer

The number of participants in a study

Question 46

To draw meaningful conclusions from research, why is it important for researchers to interpret effect size estimates alongside statistical significance testing?

Accepted Answer

Effect size estimates provide insights into the practical significance of findings, complementing statistical significance.

Answer

Effect size estimates are only relevant when the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a strong relationship between variables.

Answer

Statistical significance testing alone is sufficient for drawing conclusions, making effect size estimates unnecessary.

Answer

Effect size estimates help determine sample size but are not relevant to interpreting results.

Question 47

To communicate research findings on mental health stigma effectively to both experts and the public, which strategy is most suitable for ensuring clarity and accessibility?

Accepted Answer

Translate statistical findings into clear, everyday language, avoiding technical terms.

Answer

Use technical language and statistical jargon to showcase expertise.

Answer

Present only statistical tables and charts without explanation.

Answer

Omit any mention of research methods or limitations to simplify communication.

Question 48

Which measure summarizes the typical value in a distribution, balancing all data points?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 49

What is the primary purpose of a confidence interval?

Accepted Answer

To estimate the population mean within a margin of error

Answer

To determine statistical significance

Answer

To predict future events

Answer

To describe data variability

Question 50

What does a p-value represent?

Accepted Answer

The probability of observing the results assuming the null hypothesis is true

Answer

The probability of the null hypothesis being true

Answer

The significance of the results

Answer

The effect size of the study

Question 51

Under which condition is it appropriate to use a one-tailed hypothesis test?

Accepted Answer

When you have a specific prediction about the direction of the results

Answer

When the effect size is small

Answer

When the sample size is large

Answer

Never

Question 52

Which approach is most effective for interpreting statistical analysis results?

Accepted Answer

Within the context of the research question and theoretical framework

Answer

In isolation

Answer

Based solely on the p-value

Answer

Ignoring the effect size

Question 53

How does data visualization enhance the communication of research findings?

Accepted Answer

Makes data more accessible and understandable to diverse audiences.

Answer

Eliminates the need for statistical analysis.

Answer

Guarantees that research findings will be accepted by the scientific community.

Question 54

Which measure of central tendency is most sensitive to extreme values?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Mode

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 55

In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is the hypothesis:

Accepted Answer

That is assumed to be true until proven false

Answer

That is being tested

Answer

That is supported by the data

Answer

That is rejected if the p-value is significant

Question 56

Which type of regression analysis predicts a continuous dependent variable from one or more independent variables?

Accepted Answer

Linear regression

Answer

Logistic regression

Answer

Multinomial regression

Answer

Poisson regression

Question 57

What is the primary purpose of a scatterplot?

Accepted Answer

To visualize the relationship between two variables

Answer

To identify outliers in the data

Answer

To calculate the correlation coefficient

Answer

To predict the value of one variable from another

Question 58

Which measure of variability is calculated by finding the square root of the variance?

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation

Answer

Range

Answer

Interquartile range

Answer

Coefficient of variation

Question 59

What is the primary purpose of a p-value?

Accepted Answer

To determine the statistical significance of results

Answer

To estimate the effect size of a relationship

Answer

To calculate the confidence interval for a parameter

Answer

To test the null hypothesis

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric test?

Accepted Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

T-test

Answer

Analysis of variance

Answer

Correlation analysis

Question 61

In psychological research, what is a potential drawback of using non-probability sampling methods?

Accepted Answer

Possible bias and sampling error

Answer

Lower costs and less time needed

Answer

Fewer limits on participant traits

Answer

More generalizable findings

Question 62

How does effect size aid in comprehending the practical implications of research findings?

Accepted Answer

Quantifies the strength and direction of relationships between variables

Answer

Identifies unusual data points or outliers

Answer

Determines the probability of obtaining results by chance

Answer

Calculates the sample size required for a specific level of statistical power

Question 63

For data that is not normally distributed, which measure of central tendency is most suitable?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Answer

Mode

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 64

Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values (outliers)?

Accepted Answer

Mean

Answer

Median

Answer

Range

Answer

Mode