Biological Psychology: Uncover the Brain-Behavior Connection

Question 1

Examine the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric disorders, considering the contributions of candidate genes and epigenetic modifications.

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic factors involve alterations in gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence.

Answer

Candidate genes alone determine the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Answer

The genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders is fully understood and can accurately predict their onset and severity.

Answer

Neuropsychiatric disorders invariably result from a single genetic mutation.

Question 2

What is the effect of long-term stress on the brain's ability to change and learn?

Accepted Answer

Long-term stress harms the brain's ability to change and learn, leading to worse cognitive function.

Answer

Long-term stress improves the brain's ability to change and learn, leading to better cognitive function.

Answer

Long-term stress has little effect on the brain's ability to change and learn.

Answer

Long-term stress improves cognitive function by increasing the growth of new brain cells.

Question 3

Which brain region plays a key role in regulating biological rhythms, such as our sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), located in the hypothalamus.

Answer

The hippocampus, responsible for memory formation.

Answer

The amygdala, involved in processing emotions.

Answer

The cerebellum, crucial for motor control and coordination.

Question 4

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in mood regulation and has been linked to depression when its levels are insufficient?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Glutamate

Question 5

Which component of the neuron receives information from other neurons?

Accepted Answer

Dendrite

Answer

Axon

Answer

Soma

Answer

Synapse

Question 6

Which neuroimaging method employs magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of brain structures?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 7

According to Fechner's Law, the brain's response to a stimulus is directly proportional to:

Accepted Answer

The intensity of the stimulus

Answer

The duration of the stimulus

Answer

The modality of the stimulus

Answer

The individual's past experiences

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in stimulating the contraction of skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 9

The concept that the brain is divided into regions specializing in specific functions is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cerebral localization

Answer

Cognitive mapping

Answer

Phrenology

Answer

Neuroimaging

Question 10

Which part of the brain primarily regulates fundamental life functions like breathing and heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Brainstem

Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Limbic system

Question 11

Which theory proposes that addiction stems from disruptions in the brain's reward system, particularly involving the neurotransmitter dopamine?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine Reward Theory

Answer

Behavioral Conditioning Theory

Answer

Social-Cognitive Theory

Answer

Neurochemical Imbalance Theory

Question 12

Which of the following is not classified as a neuroendocrine structure?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas

Answer

Pituitary gland

Answer

Adrenal gland

Answer

Thyroid gland

Question 13

Which brain region is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as planning, decision-making, and complex thought processes?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is associated with arousal, attention, and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 15

What is the name of the non-invasive imaging technique that allows researchers to measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 16

Which psychological disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and withdrawal from social activities?

Accepted Answer

Depression

Answer

Anxiety disorder

Answer

Schizophrenia

Answer

Bipolar disorder

Question 17

What is the name of the process by which the brain adapts and forms new neural connections in response to experiences?

Accepted Answer

Neural plasticity

Answer

Synaptic pruning

Answer

Neurogenesis

Answer

Axonal sprouting

Question 18

Which class of drugs is primarily used to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines

Answer

Antipsychotics

Answer

Antidepressants

Answer

Opioids

Question 19

Which theory emphasizes the role of learned associations between stimuli and responses in explaining behavior?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist theory

Answer

Connectionist theory

Answer

Humanistic theory

Answer

Psychodynamic theory

Question 20

Which brain structure plays a central role in memory formation and retrieval?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Cerebral cortex

Question 21

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Tremors

Answer

Hallucinations

Answer

Delusions

Answer

Memory loss

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for the subjective experience of pleasure and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

GABA

Question 23

What is the main function of the endocrine system in regulating behavior and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Secreting hormones that influence target cells and organs

Answer

Transmitting electrical signals throughout the body

Answer

Processing sensory information and generating responses

Answer

Storing and retrieving memories

Question 24

Which brain structure is primarily involved in coordinating and regulating skilled movements?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Basal ganglia

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Question 25

What is the primary purpose of an electroencephalogram (EEG) in biological psychology research and clinical practice?

Accepted Answer

Measuring and recording electrical activity in the brain

Answer

Imaging brain structures using magnetic fields

Answer

Stimulating specific brain regions to alter behavior

Answer

Monitoring blood flow and oxygen levels in the brain

Question 26

Which research design allows for the strongest causal inferences about the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

Experimental study

Answer

Correlational study

Answer

Observational study

Answer

Case study

Question 27

How does synaptic plasticity contribute to learning and memory formation in the brain?

Accepted Answer

By modifying the strength and efficacy of synaptic connections

Answer

By increasing the number of neurons in specific brain regions

Answer

By inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters at synapses

Answer

By reducing the overall size and complexity of dendritic trees

Question 28

Which perspective in biological psychology emphasizes the evolutionary origins and adaptive functions of behavior?

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology

Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Physiological psychology

Answer

Behavioral neuroscience

Question 29

What is the primary role of the limbic system in emotional processing and behavior?

Accepted Answer

Integrating sensory information and generating emotional responses

Answer

Storing and retrieving memories of emotional experiences

Answer

Controlling voluntary movement and motor coordination

Answer

Regulating sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms

Question 30

Which neuroimaging technique provides high-resolution, three-dimensional images of brain structures and activity?

Accepted Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 31

How does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response in stressful situations?

Accepted Answer

Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Answer

Decreasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Answer

Activating the digestive system and promoting relaxation

Answer

Inhibiting the release of stress hormones

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a primary region of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral nervous system

Answer

Cerebrum

Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Brainstem

Question 33

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 34

Which brain imaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 35

Which neurotransmitter plays a primary role in inhibitory processes in the brain?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 36

Which brain structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, regulating body temperature, and controlling sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 37

Which research method in biological psychology entails manipulating the brain to study its effects on behavior?

Accepted Answer

Lesion studies

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Psychopharmacology

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 38

Which neurotransmitter is strongly implicated in mood regulation and anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 39

Which brain structure plays a predominant role in the formation and consolidation of new memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Cerebellum

Question 40

Which lobe of the brain is the largest and responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, such as reasoning, planning, and problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Answer

Parietal lobe

Answer

Temporal lobe

Answer

Occipital lobe

Question 41

Which brain region is responsible for receiving and processing visual information, allowing us to see and interpret our surroundings?

Accepted Answer

Occipital cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Question 42

How does the nervous system transmit signals from one neuron to another?

Accepted Answer

Electrical impulses along axons and chemical messengers across synapses

Answer

Hormonal signals and synaptic transmission

Answer

Mechanical and auditory vibrations

Answer

Gravitational and magnetic forces

Question 43

Which neuroimaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain, allowing us to study brain activity during different tasks and states?

Accepted Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 44

What is the primary function of the limbic system, a complex group of brain structures located deep within the brain?

Accepted Answer

Regulating emotions, motivation, and memory

Answer

Processing sensory information

Answer

Coordinating muscle movements

Answer

Storing memories

Question 45

How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

By releasing hormones that can influence brain chemistry and behavior

Answer

By sending electrical signals directly to the brain

Answer

By regulating blood pressure and heart rate

Answer

By controlling muscle function

Question 46

Which neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment, and changes in behavior?

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Parkinson's disease

Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Answer

Stroke

Question 47

Which of the following is not considered a neurotransmitter in the context of neural communication?

Accepted Answer

Endorphins

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 48

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Frontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Question 49

The process of converting electrical signals into chemical signals at the synaptic junction is termed:

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmission

Answer

Action potential

Answer

Depolarization

Answer

Long-term potentiation

Question 50

Which brain imaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes in regional blood flow?

Accepted Answer

fMRI

Answer

EEG

Answer

PET

Answer

MEG

Question 51

The subfield of psychology that explores the relationship between the brain and behavior is known as:

Accepted Answer

Biopsychology

Answer

Cognitive psychology

Answer

Developmental psychology

Answer

Social psychology

Question 52

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergency responses, such as the 'fight or flight' reaction, is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer

Peripheral nervous system

Answer

Central nervous system

Question 53

Which of the following is a neurohormone that plays a significant role in regulating sleep-wake cycles?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Adrenaline

Question 54

The theory that proposes that psychological disorders can be attributed to imbalances in neurotransmitters is known as the:

Accepted Answer

Neurochemical theory

Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Behavioral theory

Answer

Psychodynamic theory

Question 55

How do gene-environment interactions contribute to the risk of developing a neuropsychiatric disorder?

Accepted Answer

Gene-environment interactions can influence an individual's vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders by affecting gene expression and brain development.

Answer

Genes solely determine the likelihood of developing a neuropsychiatric disorder.

Answer

Environmental factors alone can trigger the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Answer

Gene-environment interactions involve a simple additive effect of genetic and environmental risk factors.

Question 56

Explain the specific roles of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in regulating mood and behavior. Discuss the evidence linking these neurotransmitters to neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.

Accepted Answer

Serotonin primarily influences mood, dopamine is involved in reward-driven behaviors, and norepinephrine plays a crucial role in attention.

Answer

Serotonin is linked to anxiety, dopamine is associated with depression, and norepinephrine is implicated in schizophrenia.

Answer

The effects of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine on mood and behavior are interchangeable.

Answer

Norepinephrine solely regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 57

How does technology, including social media, video games, and digital devices, influence brain development, attention, and cognitive functions?

Accepted Answer

The impact of technology on the brain varies depending on usage patterns, individual differences, and the specific type of technology used.

Answer

Technology has no significant impact on brain development and cognitive processes.

Answer

Technology uniformly enhances cognitive abilities and attention spans across all users.

Question 58

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in regulating mood and is commonly targeted in treating depression?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 59

What is the primary function of the limbic system?

Accepted Answer

Processing emotional responses

Answer

Storing long-term memories

Answer

Controlling voluntary movement

Answer

Regulating body temperature

Question 60

Which type of learning involves associating two stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Answer

Operant conditioning

Answer

Imprinting

Answer

Social learning

Question 61

Which of the following drugs has a stimulant effect?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine

Answer

Alcohol

Answer

Opiates

Answer

Barbiturates

Question 62

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons?

Accepted Answer

Insulates neurons and speeds up nerve impulses

Answer

Protects neurons from damage

Answer

Transmits neurotransmitters

Answer

Stores memories

Question 63

Which brain region is primarily responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and fine motor skills?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 64

The release of which neurotransmitter is strongly linked to feelings of pleasure, reward, and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Answer

Acetylcholine