Motivation and Emotion: Explore the Biological Foundations

Question 1

Which of the following is considered a primary drive in drive theory, based on its innate biological nature and role in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Hunger

Answer

Social status

Answer

Intellectual curiosity

Answer

Self-acceptance

Question 2

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in cognitive processes, but not directly linked to the subjective experience of emotion?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in both motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

GABA

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter is mainly linked to mood and sleep, unlike reward and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Endorphins

Question 5

Which theory of motivation proposes that physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst, drive behaviors aimed at maintaining a balanced internal state?

Accepted Answer

Drive theory

Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Behavioral theory

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to feelings of reward and pleasure in the context of motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 7

In drive theory, what is the main factor that motivates behavior?

Accepted Answer

Biological needs

Answer

Social rewards

Answer

Cognitive goals

Answer

Unconscious conflicts

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in cognitive processes, distinct from dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine's roles in motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 9

Cognitive theories of motivation emphasize the importance of mental processes like expectations and goals. Which theory best aligns with this approach?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Theory

Answer

Drive Theory

Answer

Incentive Theory

Answer

Physiological Theory

Question 10

According to the incentive theory of motivation, which of the following is a central element?

Accepted Answer

Goal-oriented actions

Answer

Primary drives

Answer

Homeostatic equilibrium

Answer

Instinctive reactions

Question 11

In Biological Psychology, which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for facilitating positive emotions like pleasure and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 12

Which theory of motivation does not emphasize physiological processes?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Drive theory

Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Homeostasis theory

Question 13

Which hormone, commonly referred to as the 'stress hormone,' is central to the body's physiological stress response?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Insulin

Answer

Testosterone

Question 14

According to the incentive theory of motivation, what primarily drives behavior?

Accepted Answer

Anticipation of positive outcomes

Answer

Innate biological needs

Answer

Avoidance of negative consequences

Answer

Cognitive appraisal of situations

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is pivotal in the neural pathways governing motivation and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

GABA

Question 16

In Cannon-Bard's theory of emotion, what directly triggers emotional experiences?

Accepted Answer

Immediate physical reactions

Answer

Cognitive evaluation of a situation

Answer

Past experiences linking stimuli to emotions

Answer

Behavioral responses to emotional triggers

Question 17

Which of the following is an incentive theory of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Drive theory

Answer

Arousal theory

Answer

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 18

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which fundamental need must be met before any others can be addressed?

Accepted Answer

Physiological needs (food, water, shelter)

Answer

Safety and security needs

Answer

Love and belonging needs

Answer

Self-actualization needs

Question 19

In drive theory, what triggers individuals to pursue actions that fulfill physiological needs?

Accepted Answer

A state of tension or drive

Answer

External rewards or incentives

Answer

Internal cognitive processes

Answer

Changes in brain chemistry

Question 20

Which theory of motivation emphasizes the role of internal psychological factors, such as beliefs and expectations?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Drive theory

Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Physiological theory

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to the sensation of anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter is central to both reward processing and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 23

In the context of brain reward pathways, which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for facilitating feelings of pleasure and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Answer

Glutamate

Question 24

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for cognitive functions like learning and memory, with a lesser role in motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Epinephrine

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is primarily NOT involved in motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 26

Drive theory suggests that organisms are driven to maintain a state of balance within their bodies. Which of the following terms best describes this concept?

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis

Answer

Incentive

Answer

Goal-directed behavior

Question 27

Which theory of motivation suggests that humans are motivated by the need to satisfy basic physiological requirements?

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Attribution theory

Answer

Behaviorism

Question 28

In the context of motivation and emotion, which statement accurately describes the role of dopamine?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine release is associated with pleasurable experiences, reinforcing behaviors that lead to them.

Answer

Dopamine primarily regulates stress responses and emotional balance.

Answer

Dopamine activity increases only during periods of intense focus and concentration.

Answer

Dopamine deficiency is the sole cause of Parkinson's disease symptoms.

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in cognition and memory, but not motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 30

Which neurotransmitter is crucial for boosting motivation and alertness, especially during stressful or exciting situations?

Accepted Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Question 31

Which theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as expectations and attributions, in motivating goal-directed behavior?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Drive theory

Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Physiological theory

Question 32

In drive theory, which of the following is an acquired drive?

Accepted Answer

Social status

Answer

Hunger

Answer

Thirst

Answer

Sleep

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a drive theory of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory

Answer

Instinct theory

Answer

Homeostasis theory

Question 34

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 35

In the context of anxiety, which neurotransmitter primarily inhibits brain activity?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 36

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which occurs first: physiological changes or the subjective experience of emotion?

Accepted Answer

Physiological changes

Answer

Subjective experience of emotion

Answer

Cognitive appraisals

Answer

Behavioral responses

Question 37

According to incentive theories, how does reinforcement influence behavior?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement provides a positive incentive, increasing the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Answer

Reinforcement reduces the drive that motivates a behavior, making it less likely to be repeated.

Answer

Reinforcement is a form of punishment that discourages the repetition of a behavior.

Question 38

What is the primary function of the limbic system in relation to motivation and emotion?

Accepted Answer

Regulating basic physiological needs and emotions

Answer

Engaging in higher-order cognitive functions

Answer

Processing sensory information

Answer

Creating conscious experiences of emotions

Question 39

According to incentive theories, what drives our actions?

Accepted Answer

Expected results

Answer

Inborn urges

Answer

Thoughts about the future

Answer

Basic survival needs

Question 40

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to feelings of pleasure and reward?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem needs

Answer

Physiological needs

Answer

Safety needs

Question 42

Which brain region is primarily responsible for driving goal-directed behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Question 43

Which theory of motivation focuses on the influence of external rewards and punishments on behavior?

Accepted Answer

Incentive theory

Answer

Drive theory

Question 44

How do cognitive theories of motivation differ from other major theories of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theories view motivation as rational and goal-directed, while other theories view it as emotional or instinctual.

Answer

Cognitive theories emphasize external stimuli, while other theories focus on internal factors.

Answer

Cognitive theories emphasize unconscious processes, while other theories focus on conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 45

What is the primary role of the limbic system in regulating emotions and motivations?

Accepted Answer

Emotional processing and motivational regulation

Answer

Sensory processing

Answer

Motor coordination

Question 46

In the context of biological motivation, which teaching approach is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in students?

Accepted Answer

Establishing challenging yet attainable learning objectives

Answer

Providing tangible rewards for completing tasks

Answer

Adopting a uniform approach to motivating all students

Answer

Utilizing punishment as a consequence for unsatisfactory performance

Question 47

Which hormone is most strongly linked to feelings of stress and anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Estrogen

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Question 48

Which brain structure is responsible for processing fear and anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex

Question 49

According to drive theory, what internal state motivates individuals to behave?

Accepted Answer

Needs

Answer

Stress

Answer

Hormonal levels

Answer

Temperature

Question 50

Which hormone is released during the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Question 51

Which neurotransmitter is involved in reward processing and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

GABA

Answer

Glutamate

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 52

Which part of the brain processes emotional facial expressions?

Accepted Answer

Fusiform face area

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Question 53

Which neurotransmitter is primarily linked to the biological processes underlying motivation and reward pathways?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 54

Which neural circuit, when activated, is primarily associated with feelings of happiness and relaxation?

Accepted Answer

Ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex

Answer

Hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala

Answer

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands

Question 55

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in motivation and the rewarding effects of stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Noradrenaline

Answer

GABA

Question 56

To enhance motivation, which intervention aligns with drive theory principles?

Accepted Answer

Set achievable goals and provide positive reinforcement

Answer

Administer stimulants

Answer

Emphasize avoiding negative consequences and pursuing rewards

Answer

Minimize distractions and increase sensory input

Question 57

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating motivation, reward pathways, and addictive behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus accumbens

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Thalamus

Question 58

The 'fight-or-flight' response is primarily mediated by which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Answer

Cortisol

Answer

Oxytocin

Answer

Endorphin

Question 59

Which neurotransmitter is known as the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter and is involved in reward, pleasure, and motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

GABA

Answer

Glutamate

Question 60

The concept of 'homeostasis' in biological psychology refers to:

Accepted Answer

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal state despite external changes

Answer

The process by which the brain regulates emotional responses

Answer

The way in which motivation is driven by external rewards

Answer

The role of the nervous system in coordinating physiological processes

Question 61

Which neuroimaging technique is commonly used to measure brain activity during emotional processing with high spatial resolution?

Accepted Answer

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer

Computerized Tomography (CT)

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a component of the 'incentive salience' hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive control

Answer

Liking

Answer

Wanting

Answer

Learning

Question 63

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly involved in the experience of reward and plays a significant role in motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Answer

Serotonin

Answer

Norepinephrine

Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 64

Identify the brain structure commonly referred to as the 'emotional hub' due to its crucial role in processing emotions.

Accepted Answer

Amygdala

Answer

Hippocampus

Answer

Thalamus

Answer

Prefrontal cortex