Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Graduate Level

Question 1

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained prominence in healthcare. How does AI contribute to cancer care, specifically in detection, prognosis, and potential implications for healthcare delivery models?

Accepted Answer

AI algorithms can analyze large datasets of medical images and patient records to identify subtle patterns and abnormalities indicative of cancer.

Accepted Answer

AI can analyze patient data to assess risk factors, predict disease progression, and guide personalized treatment plans.

Accepted Answer

AI can be used to develop personalized treatment plans for cancer patients, taking into account their individual genetic makeup and lifestyle factors.

Answer

AI has eliminated the need for human healthcare professionals in cancer care.

Question 2

Identify the factor that is NOT a known risk factor for developing cancer:

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a balanced diet

Answer

Excessive body weight

Answer

Exposure to carcinogenic substances

Answer

Tobacco consumption

Question 3

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Persistent and unexplained coughing

Answer

Elevated body temperature

Answer

Frequent diarrhea

Question 4

What is the primary objective of cancer treatment?

Accepted Answer

Eliminating or controlling the growth and spread of cancerous cells

Answer

Preventing the recurrence of cancer

Answer

Providing pain relief

Answer

Boosting the immune system's response

Question 5

Identify a promising and innovative approach in cancer therapy:

Accepted Answer

Immunotherapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Traditional chemotherapy

Answer

Stem cell transplantation

Question 6

What is the leading cause of death among cancer patients?

Accepted Answer

Metastatic spread of cancer cells to other organs

Answer

Infections arising due to weakened immune systems

Answer

Organ failure resulting from cancer's impact

Answer

Uncontrolled growth of the primary tumor

Question 7

Provide an example of a benign tumor:

Accepted Answer

A non-cancerous skin tag

Answer

Lung cancer, a malignant tumor

Answer

Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system

Answer

Melanoma, a type of skin cancer

Question 8

Explain the distinction between a carcinogen and a mutagen:

Accepted Answer

A carcinogen initiates cancer development, while a mutagen causes genetic mutations

Answer

Carcinogens are found in plants, and mutagens are found in animals

Answer

Mutagens pose a greater risk than carcinogens

Question 9

Describe the role of angiogenesis in cancer progression:

Accepted Answer

Angiogenesis facilitates the growth of new blood vessels that supply nutrients to tumors

Answer

It suppresses the immune system's ability to fight cancer

Answer

It enhances the migration and spread of cancer cells

Question 10

Which cell division process can lead to the formation of cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis gone wrong

Answer

Binary fission

Answer

Meiosis

Answer

Cytokinesis

Question 11

Which of the following is a common symptom of many types of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue

Answer

Rash

Answer

Nausea

Answer

Headache

Question 12

Which type of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells that line the organs?

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Glioma

Answer

Sarcoma

Question 13

Which type of mutation is most commonly associated with cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Answer

Chromosomal mutation

Answer

Gene duplication

Question 14

Which of the following is a well-established risk factor for lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Smoking

Answer

Exposure to sunlight

Answer

HPV infection

Question 15

Cancers that originate in blood-forming tissues are classified as:

Accepted Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Glioma

Answer

Sarcoma

Question 16

The spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body is known as:

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Angiogenesis

Question 17

Which of the following types of treatment harnesses the patient's immune system to fight cancer?

Accepted Answer

Checkpoint inhibitors

Answer

Anti-angiogenic therapy

Answer

Hormone therapy

Answer

Targeted therapy

Question 18

In cancer management, 'prognosis' refers to:

Accepted Answer

The anticipated course and outcome of the disease

Answer

The underlying cause of the disease

Answer

The specific treatment plan chosen for the disease

Answer

The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease

Question 19

Which of the following is a known risk factor for developing cancer?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Answer

Moderate physical activity

Answer

Adequate sleep

Answer

Consuming a balanced diet

Question 20

Cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that have the potential to:

Accepted Answer

Invade surrounding tissues and metastasize

Answer

Form benign tumors

Answer

Rapidly divide but remain localized

Answer

Become non-functional and die

Question 21

Which of the following is a type of malignant tumor?

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Papilloma

Answer

Hemangioma

Answer

Lipoma

Question 22

Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells:

Accepted Answer

Spread from one part of the body to another

Answer

Form new blood vessels

Answer

Undergo rapid cell division

Answer

Invade surrounding tissues

Question 23

The main objective of cancer screening is to:

Accepted Answer

Detect and diagnose cancer at an early and treatable stage

Answer

Monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment

Answer

Prevent cancer from developing

Question 24

Which of the following is a promising approach in cancer research?

Accepted Answer

Precision medicine

Answer

Traditional herbal medicine

Answer

Homeopathy

Question 25

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with which type of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Cervical cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer

Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Breast cancer

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for developing cancer?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a nutritious and balanced diet

Answer

Excessive consumption of alcohol

Answer

Habitual smoking

Answer

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Question 27

The process of normal cells transforming into cancerous cells is termed:

Accepted Answer

Carcinogenesis

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Differentiation

Question 28

Which of the following characteristics is a defining feature of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled and rapid cell division

Answer

Normal cell structure and function

Answer

High sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs

Answer

Limited growth potential

Question 29

The stage of cancer primarily refers to:

Accepted Answer

The extent and spread of the disease within the body

Answer

The overall health and well-being of the patient

Answer

The specific treatment plan recommended

Answer

The type of cancer cells involved

Question 30

Which of the following genetic alterations is commonly associated with cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Oncogene activation

Answer

Gene duplication

Answer

Promoter methylation

Answer

Silent mutation

Question 31

The type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining various organs and tissues is known as:

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Leukemia

Answer

Sarcoma

Answer

Lymphoma

Question 32

Which of the following is a frequently reported symptom associated with cancer?

Accepted Answer

Unexplained and unintentional weight loss

Answer

Healthy and clear skin tone

Answer

Normal and healthy appetite

Answer

Consistent absence of fatigue

Question 33

The surgical removal of a cancerous tumor is a treatment approach known as:

Accepted Answer

Surgery

Answer

Targeted therapy

Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Chemotherapy

Question 34

Which of the following treatment options for cancer does NOT involve surgical intervention?

Accepted Answer

Radiation therapy

Answer

Tumor resection

Answer

Lymph node dissection

Answer

Biopsy

Question 35

Which characteristic is typically NOT associated with malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Well-defined boundaries

Answer

Uncontrolled and rapid growth

Answer

Metastasis to distant organs

Answer

Invasion into surrounding tissues

Question 36

Which factor is a known risk for developing colorectal cancer?

Accepted Answer

Family history of colorectal polyps

Answer

Moderate alcohol consumption

Answer

Diet high in fruits and vegetables

Answer

Regular physical activity

Question 37

What is the primary mechanism by which radiation therapy treats cancer?

Accepted Answer

Damages DNA of cancer cells, inhibiting their replication

Answer

Blocks hormones that promote cancer cell growth

Answer

Stimulates the immune system to target cancer cells

Answer

Delivers chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells

Question 38

Which side effect is commonly associated with chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Nausea and vomiting

Answer

Increased appetite

Answer

Improved energy levels

Answer

Weight gain

Question 39

What is the term for the process of cancer cells spreading from the original tumor to other parts of the body?

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Proliferation

Question 40

Which genetic mutations are commonly linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

Accepted Answer

BRCA1/2

Answer

TP53

Answer

APC

Answer

KRAS

Question 41

A biopsy reveals abnormal cells confined to the tissue of origin, without signs of invasion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma in situ

Answer

Metastatic cancer

Answer

Invasive carcinoma

Answer

Lymphoma

Question 42

Which imaging technique utilizes a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures?

Accepted Answer

MRI

Answer

PET scan

Answer

X-ray

Answer

CT scan

Question 43

What is the primary goal of palliative care for cancer patients?

Accepted Answer

Improve quality of life and manage symptoms

Answer

Prevent cancer recurrence

Answer

Extend lifespan

Answer

Cure the cancer

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

They are highly differentiated and specialized.

Answer

They can invade surrounding tissues.

Answer

They have uncontrolled growth and division.

Answer

They can metastasize to distant sites.

Question 45

The process by which normal cells become cancerous is known as:

Accepted Answer

Carcinogenesis

Answer

Differentiation

Answer

Apoptosis

Answer

Metastasis

Question 46

A patient presents with a tumor that has spread to lymph nodes. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Metastasis

Answer

Carcinoma

Answer

Benign tumor

Answer

Sarcoma

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for cancer?

Accepted Answer

Regular exercise

Answer

Tobacco smoking

Answer

Family history of cancer

Answer

Exposure to certain chemicals

Question 48

A patient with a solid tumor is undergoing chemotherapy. Which of the following is a common side effect of chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Hair loss

Answer

Improved cognitive function

Answer

Enhanced immune system

Answer

Increased appetite

Question 49

A tumor that is encapsulated and does not invade surrounding tissues is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Benign

Answer

Metastatic

Answer

Carcinogenic

Answer

Malignant

Question 50

Which of the following imaging techniques is commonly used to detect and stage cancer?

Accepted Answer

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Answer

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer

Ultrasound

Answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 51

The genetic mutations that contribute to cancer development are known as:

Accepted Answer

Oncogenes

Answer

Antigens

Answer

Hormones

Answer

Antibodies

Question 52

Which of the following is a common symptom of many types of cancer?

Accepted Answer

Unexplained weight loss

Answer

Enhanced libido

Answer

Improved sleep quality

Answer

Increased energy levels

Question 53

A patient with a tumor in the colon is most likely to be diagnosed with:

Accepted Answer

Colorectal cancer

Answer

Lung cancer

Answer

Prostate cancer

Answer

Breast cancer